Cognitiveâ€behavioural Syndromes of Neglect and Anosognosia

Cognitivebehavioural Syndromes of Neglect and AnosognosiaConsidering the neuropsychological diseases discussed during the course, critically comp be and discuss hypothetic interpretations of at least 2 syndromes instinct is one of the most interesting phenomena of the human mind. Consciousness refers to the integration of the cognitive experiences about ego and the external environment (Orfei et al., 2007). However, when this psychological function is rail atd, it may pass along to disfunctions in the aid and cognizance of personal identity. The focus of the following essay is to come through incursion into why the cognitivebehavioural syndromes of degenerate and anosognosia for hemiplegia that occur following the right wayfield hemisphere separatrix develop, and to evaluate to what expiration this is true, taking into consideration their a priori interpretations.Anosognosia has been defined by Babinsky (1914) as an impairment leading to unawareness of neurological a nd cognitive deficits following a adept injury. Individuals who suffer from anosognosia present with locomote impairments which lead to gait and self-care deficits and are unaware of their impairments in functioning (Kortte Hillis, 2010). The syndrome of anosognosia often co-occurs with visuo-spacial neglect (Prigatano et al., 2011). Heilman, Watson and Valenstein (1994) defined neglect as a deterioration in precaution towards or in response to a stimuli, which is not attribut equal to(p) to a push back or sensory impairment. Neglect is presented as a spectrum, with a variety of forms ground on the regions of the lesion, the mode of outputs, reference frame and the sensory modality (Hillis Caramazza, 1995).Alongside their co-occurrence, anosognosia and neglect also overlap in terms of lesion sites, to be more unique(predicate), the right temporo-parietal junction, the superior and middle temporal gyri and the right insula (Beschin, Cocchini, Allen Della Sala, 2012). The lesi on in the right temporo-parietal junction is extremely important in mechanisms of selective attention. More recent neuroimaging studies have recommended that split of the parietal and temporal lens cortex are creating a supramodal structure that interposes goal-directed attention in multiple sensory modalities (Chambers, Stokes Mattingley, 2004). Furthermore, neuroimaging studies show that the insula is very important in self-awareness and in ones convictions about the functioning of their body separate (Karnath, Baier Nagele, 2005).Taking these in consideration, a lesion in these areas will lead to a dysfunction in directional attention towards a specific stimulus and about their beliefs of body parts functioning, therefore affecting the motor system.The two theoretical interpretations that deliver a link mingled with anosognosia and neglect, taking in consideration the dysfunctions presented earlier, are the attentional interpretation simulation for neglect and the feed-f orward illustration for anosognosia.The attentional interpretation model is a model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993) which states that each hemisphere is provided with its own attentional neurological system, with the attentional system in the right hemisphere directing attention towards both sides of the visual field, whereas the attentional system in the remaining hemisphere directing attention merely towards the right visual field. Therefore, if there is a damage to the go away hemisphere, there wont be a severe right neglect, whereas if there is a lesion to the right hemisphere, the diligent will be ineffective to direct his/hers attention to the left visual field (Bisiach et al., 1998).Corbetta et al. (1993) conducted a PET study on 24 healthy volunteers in order to identify what are the neural systems involved in changing spatial attention towards a visual stimulus in the right or left visual field. Results showed that the right parietal cortex was activated when the pa rticipant was required to shift their attention in each visual field, whereas the left parietal lobe was active only when the participants had to diverseness their attention to the right visual field. These finding suggest that the parietal and frontal regions control different aspects of special selection and also support the model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993).However, the attentional interpretation model cannot rate for the dysfunctions in the motor system on its own. Therefore, we have to also take in consideration the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the guiding hypokenisia. The attentional-arousal hypothesis suggests that neglect is predominantly a form of inattention emerging from the failure of triggering arousal that is needed to activate the neuronal systems necessary for spatial attention (Heilman Valenstien, 1972 Watson et al., 1973, 1974). Furthermore, the attentional hypothesis appears to be in close connection with the motor intention, since when one is direc ting his/hers attention towards a specific location, one is also plant to perform an action in that direction (Heilman Valenstien, 2003).Directional hypokenisia suggests that patients who suffer from neglect are reluctant in initiating movements towards the contralesional side. Moreover, even when patients are directing attention towards the omit side and have imposed on them a strategy, their performance not only remained abnormal, but it doesnt improve (Heilman Valenstien, 1979).In a study conducted by Heilman and Valenties (1979), six patients with neglect were asked to identify a letter that was presented either to the left or right at the end of a line, before bisecting it. The task include lines that were placed at either the left of the body midline, the right, or the centre. Results showed that participants performed significantly better when the line was placed to the right side of the body rather than the left side. These results suggest that the neglect syndrome is a defect in the orienting response. Heilman and Valenstien (1979) suggested that this response appears in anticipation of an action, using the increased arousal to lower the sensory threshold. Therefore, lesions induce neglect are affecting the arousal (as previously mentioned via the attentional-arousal hypothesis), leading to the inability of the hemisphere to prepare for the action.Based on the same dysfunction of the computational model of motor control is the feed-forward model for anosognosia. More recent theories established on the recent computational models of motor control proposed by Frith et al. (2000), suggest that anosognosia results from an abnormality in motor planning. This theory suggests that, under normal circumstances, in order to develop the intention to move, forward models are being used in order to arrest accurate indicators about the approaching sensory feedback. However, if an intended movement is not executed as planned, than a comparator will detect a di screpancy between what it was predicted and the absence of sensory feedback. Therefore, this error can be used to inform the motor system of a malfunction. Furthermore, Heilman and colleagues (1998) proposed that anosognosia is a motor intentional deficit which appears from a failure to form motor intentions. Therefore, if the development of an intention to move is deficient, then the comparator doesnt receive any instructions about the outline of the movement and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, although no movement has taken place (Gold et. al, 1994).Fotopoulou et al. (2008) conducted a study in which they investigated the role of motor intention in anosognosic patients compared to non-anosognosic patients by detecting whether the anosognosic patients were able to identify the presence or absence of movement focusing only in the visual evidence. False visual feedback of movement in the left paralysed offshoot was used on four hemiplegic with and four wit hout anosognosic patients. This false visual feedback was delivered using a prosthetic rubber hand. Results showed that patients with anosognosia were more likely than patients without anosognosia to ignore the visual feedback and regard that they moved they hand if there was an intention to move the hand (in the self-generated condition) than when the experimenter moved the rubber hand or when there was no movement. These results support that anosognosia reflects a dominance of motor intention prior to action over the sensory information received by and by the movement was made (Fotopoulou et al., 2008).Although the studies presented above do provide a lot of insight in the computational model of awareness and provide an explanation of why these disorders have symptoms such as dysfunctions in directing attention towards a specific stimulus and also about their beliefs of body parts functioning, there are a few limitations to whether these theoretical interpretations can account b y their one for the two syndromes.Firstly, although they may co-occur, anosognosia and neglect have also been observed separately. Cocchini, et al. (2009) investigated whether anosognosic patients present with unawareness in a group of 42 left hemisphere damaged patients, using a structured interview and the optical-Analogue Test for Anosognosia for Motor Impairment (Della Sala, Cocchini, Beschin Cameron, in press). Their results showed that eight anosognosic patients and another twelve patients who were aware of their motor impairments didnt showed signs of neglect. These results confirm that anosognosia couldnt be thought of always co-occurring with neglect. Secondly, these results also suggest that there is a pronged dissociation between anosognosia and neglect (Bisiach et al., 1986).Dauriac-Le Masson et al. (2002) investigated this double dissociation by looking at two patients with a subacute right hemisphere stroke. Their investigation revealed that one of the patients suffe red from a severe left hemiplegia which was associated with unilateral neglect and he showed signs of being aware of his motor impairment, whereas the second patient showed a severe anosognosia for hemiplegia, therefore with unawareness towards his motor impairment. These results suggest that although these two syndromes co-occur, they may rely on independent mechanisms because of their double dissociation.And lastly, both anosognosia and neglect are multifaceted processes (Marcel et al., 2004) and only the dysfunction in the computational model of motor control cannot account for all the symptoms of these two syndromes. To be more specific, even when patients who suffer from neglect and anosognosia are aware of their deficits, they excuse deny them.House and Hodges (1988) lucubrate the case of an 89-year-old woman who suffered left-side paralysis aft(prenominal) a right-hemisphere stroke. Although the experimenters demonstrated that her left arm was completely paralysed and her leg nearly paralysed, she failed to understand the severity of her condition and believed that she could still look after herself and walk, although she was in a wheelchair. Furthermore, Marcel et al. (2004) also described the case of several patients who although they were aware of their paralysed limbs, they still overestimated their abilities and believed they can perform bi-manual activities such as clapping their hands or tying a knot. These patients provide examples of another theory of anosognosia, the motivational theory which the patient denies his/hers deficit in order to state unharmed his/hers psychological balance (Weinstein Kahn, 1955 Weinstein, 1991).In conclusion, the focus of the essay was to provide insight into why the cognitivebehavioural syndromes of neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia occur, and to evaluate to what extent this was true, by paying attention to their theoretical interpretations. As stated before, due to the lesions to the tempo-parietal regi on, the gyrus and insula there are dysfunctions in attention and beliefs about body parts functionality. The attentional intention model for neglect (together with the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the directional hypokenisia) and the feed-forward model for anosognosia provide a satisfactory explanation for these deficits by suggesting that there is a dysfunction in the motor system. For the neglect patients the lesions affect the arousal which leads to the inability to prepare them for action. For the anosognosic patients the lesions lead to a failure to form motor intentions, to be more specific if the intention to move is impaired , then the comparator doesnt receive instructions about the planned action and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, even if that didnt happen.However, these theoretical interpretations of dysfunctions in motor control cannot account on their own for all the symptoms of neglect and anosognosia. Previous literature suggests that although the incidence of co-occurrence is high, there are cases where anosognosia and neglect appear independently and present double dissociations. Furthermore, as proposed by Marcel et al. (2004) both syndromes are multifaceted syndromes and it cant be possible that only one theoretical interpretation can account for these.In conclusion, both anosognosia and neglect are very interesting phenomena which have captured the attention of many researches, provided fundamental issues of theoretical interpretations have not still been answered.ReferencesBabinski J. (1914) Contribution a letude de troubles mentaux dans lhemiplegie organique cerebrale. Revue Neurologique 27, 845847.Beschin, N., Cocchini, G., Allen, R., Della Sala, S. (2012). disassociation between anosognosia and neglect demonstrated by mean of a treatment response bias. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22(4), 550-562.Bisiach,E.,Vallar,G.,Perani,D.,Papagno,C.,Berti,A (1986).Unawareness of disease following lesions of t he right hemisphere anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia.Neuropsychologia, 24, 471-482.Bisiach, E., Ricci, R., Modona, M.N. (1998). Visual Awareness and Anisometry of Space Representation in Unilateral Neglect A Panoramic Investigation by Means of a Line Extension Task. Consciousness and Cognition, 7(3), 327-355.Chambers, C.D., Stokes, M.G., Mattingley, J.B. (2004). Modality specific control of strategic spatial attention in parietal cortex. Neuron, 44(6), 925-930.Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Cameron, A., Fotopoulou A. Della Sala, S. (2009). Anosognosia for motor impairment following left-brain damage. Neuropsychology, 23, 223-230.Corbetta, M., Miezin, F.M., Shulman, G.L., Petersen, S.E. (1993). A PET study of visuospatial attention. daybook of Neuroscience, 12, 12021226.Dauriac- Le Masson, V., Mailhan, L., Louis- Dreyfus, A., De Montety, G., Denys, P., Bussel, B., Azouvi, P. (2002). Double dissociation between unilateral neglect and anosognosia. Revue neurologi que, 158(4), 427-430.Della Sala S., Cocchini G., Beschin N., Cameron A. (in press).VATAm Visual-analogue test for anosognosia for motor impairment A new test to assess awareness for motor impairment. The clinical NeuropsychologistFotopoulou, A., Tsakiris, M., Haggard, P., Vagopoulou, A., Rudd, A., Kopelman, M. (2008). The role of motor intention in motor awareness An experimental study on anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 131, 3432-3442.Frith,C.D.,Blakemore,S.J.,Wolpert,D.M. (2000).Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.Philosophical proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 355, 1771-8.Gold,M.,Adair,J.C.,Daniel,H.J.,Heilman,K.M. (1994).Anosognosia for hemiplegia an electrophysiologic investigation of the feed-forward hypothesis,Neurology, 44, 1804.Heilman, K. M. and Valenstien, E. (1972) Frontal lobe neglect in man. Neurology, 22, 660-664.Heilman, K.M, Valenstein E. (1979) Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. Annals of Neurology 5, 166- 170.Heil man, K.M., Watson, R.T., Valenstein, E. (1993).Neglect and related disorders. In Heilman, K.M. and Valenstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical Neuropsychology. New York Oxford University Press, Ch. 10, 279-336.Heilman, K.M, Watson, R., Valenstein E. (1994). Localization of lesions in neglect and related disorders. In Kertez, A.,editor, Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology. San Diego Academic Peers, 495-524.Heilman,K.M.,Barret,A.M.,Adair,J.C. (1998). Possible mechanisms of anosognosia a defect in self awareness.Philosophical proceeding of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 355, 1903-1909.Heilman K.M, Valenstein, E. (2003) Clinical Neuropsychology, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UKHillis, A., Caramazza, A.(1995). A framework for interpreting distinct pattern of hemispatial neglect. Neurocase, 1, 189-207.House, A. and Hodges, J. (1988). Persistent denial of handicap after infarction of the right basal ganglia A case study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 112-115.Karnath, H.O., Baier, B., Nagele, T. (2005), Awareness of the functioning of ones own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?. Journal of neuroscience, 25(31), 7134-7138.Kortte, K., Hillis A.E.( 2010). Recent Advances in the Understanding of Neglect and Anosognosia Following Right Hemisphere Stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 9(6), 459465.Marcel,A.J.,Tegner,R.,Nimmo-Smith,I. (2004). Anosognosia for plegia specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily awareness.Cortex, 40, 19-40.Orfei, M.D., Robinson, R.G., Prigatano, G.P., Starkstein, S., Rusch, N., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., Spalletta, G. (2007). Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon a systematic review of the literature. Brain, 130, 3075-3090.Prigatano, G.P., Matthes, J., Hill, S., Wolf, T.R. Heiserman, J.E. (2011). Anosognosia for hemiplegia with preserved awareness of complete cortical blindness following intracranial haemorrhage. Cortex, 47(10), 1219-1227.Watson, R.T., Heilman,K.M., Cauthen, J.C., King, F.A (1973). Neglect after cingulectomy. Neurology, 23(9), 1003-1007.Watson, R. T., Heilman, K. M., Millar, B. D. and King, F. A. (1974). Neglect after mesencephalic reticular formation lesions. Neurology, 24, 294-298.Weinstein, E.A. and Kahn, R.L. (1955). Denial of illness Symbolic and physiological aspects, Springfield, IL Thomas.Weinstein E. A. (1991).Anosognosia and denial of illness. In Prigatano G. P. Schacter D. L. (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury, 240257.

Labelling theory

Labelling surmisalPROSPER MOTSI07475594SWK 1002Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in mind youth crime and anti-social conduct in Britain today.Labelling theory is the act of naming, the deployment of language to confer and fix the meanings of behaviour and emblematic internationalism and phenomenology.Tannenbaum,(1938) defines labelling as the surgical process of make the wicked by employing processes of tagging, defining ,identifying,segregating,describing,emphasising,making conscious and self conscious. Labelling theory claims that digression and conformity results not so much from what plurality do but from how others do to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is thereof soci tout ensembley constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the vastness of the theory to the degenerate behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today.The labelling theory fashions dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was apply as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key plurality to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to collect been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which delegacy deviance is in the eyeball of the beholder. Actually the labelling theory was built on Becker, (19639) statement that Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular large number and labelling them as outsiders-deviance is not a quality of the act of a person commits, but rather a consequences of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender The deviant is star to whom that label has successfully been applied. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that raft so label. The way out is a refusal to dramatize the evil. The labelling theory connects to great sociological ideas of Dukheim the symbolic interactionism and the conflict theory. The theory similarly draws from the idea of Thomas (1928) that when people define situations as real they become real in their consequences. Lement ,(1951-1972) distinguishes deviance into primary and alternate deviance in which he described primary deviance as those little reactions from others which have littl e effect on a persons self fancy and secondary deviance as when people push a deviant person out of their social circles which leads the person to be embittered and seek the company of the people who cond star his behaviour.Lement further argued that rather than seeing a crime as leading to control it may be more fruitful to see the process as one in which control agencies structured and make up generated crime. Secondary deviance leads to what Goffman (1963) deviant career. This will subsequently leads to stigma which is a powerful prejudicial social label that radically changes a persons self concept and social identity. A criminal prosecution is one way that an somebody is labelled in a negative rather than in a positive way. Stigmatising people often leads to retrospective labelling which is the interpretation of someones past consistent with the present deviance Seheff (1984).Retrospective labelling distorts a persons biography in a prejudicial way guided by stigma than any attempt to be fair.No social class stands by from others as being either criminal or free from transgression. However according to various sociologists people with less stake in society and their ingest future typically exhibit less resistance to some kinds of devience.Labelling theory asks what happens to criminals after they have been labelled and suggests that crime may be highlighted by criminal sanctions thus sending one to prison may help to criminalise an individual further. Stigmatising young offenders may actually lead them into a criminal career. Howard S.Becker , (1963) one of the earlier interaction theorists claimed that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. what is more the labelling theoretical approach to deviance concentrates on the social reaction to deviance committed by individuals as well as the interaction processes leading up t o the labelling.The theory therefore suggests that criminology has been given too much attention to criminals as types of people and insufficient attention to the collection of social control responses. That therefore means the law, the police, the media and the public publications helps to give crime its shape. This is supported by the conflict theory which demonstrates how deviance reflects inequalities and power .This approach holds that the causes of crime may be linked to inequalities of class, racetrack and gender and that who or what is labelled as deviant depends on the relative power of categories of people.Cicourels study on Juvenile justness in California, (1972) pointed out that police stereotypes result in black, white class youth being labelled criminal. The conflict theory links deviance to power in the form of the norms and the laws of just about societies which bolster the interests of the rich and powerful.The labelling theory links deviance not to action but t o the reaction of others .The concept of stigma, secondary deviance and deviant career demonstrates how people can incorporate the label of deviance into a lasting self-concept. Political leaders recognises that labelling was a political act for it made them aware on which rules to enforce, what behaviour is to regarded as deviant and which people labelled as outsiders may require political assistance Becker,(1963-7).Political leaders went on to produce a series of existential studies concerning the origins of deviancy definitions through political actions in areas such as drugs legislation, temperance legislation ,delinquency definitions,homosexuality,prostitution and pornography.Becker, (1963) examines the possible effects upon an individual after being publicly labelled as deviant. A label is not neutral it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It will become a master label in the sense that it colours all the other statuses possessed by an individual. If o ne is labelled as a paedophile, criminal or homosexual it is difficult to reject such labels for those labels largely overrides their pilot light status as parents, worker, neighbour and friend. Others view that person and respond to him or her in terms of the label and tend to assume that individual has the negative characteristics usually associated with such labels. Since an individuals self concept is largely derived from the responses of others they will tend to see themselves in terms of that label. This may produce a self fulfilling prophecy whereby the deviant identification becomes the controlling one. This links to the interactionist approach which emphasizes the importance of the meanings the various actors bring to and develops within the interaction situation.However the labelling theory has its weaknesses which includes Liazos,(1972) who noted that although the labelling theorists aims to humanise the deviant individual and show that he or she is no different than o ther individuals except perhaps in terms of opportunity. It however by the very emphasis on the deviant and his identity puzzles and sub cultivation the opposite effect may have been achieved. He further suggested that while considering the more usual everyday types of deviance such as homosexuality, prostitution and juvenile delinquency the labelling theorists have totally ignored a more dangerous and malevolent types of deviance which he termed covert institutional violence. He pointed out that this type of violence leads to such things as poverty and exploitation for example the war in Vietnam, unjust tax laws, racism and sexism. It is questionable whether labelling theorists should even attempt to discuss forms of deviance such as this in the same way as more commonplace individual crimes or whether the two should be kept totally separate being so different in subject matter.Akers, (1994) also criticized the labelling theory by pointing out that it fails to explain why people b reak the law while the majority conform explaining that people go about minding their own business and then wham-bad society comes along and stops them with a stigmatised label. The theory fails to explain why the moral entrepreneurs react in the manner described but rather blames society and portrays criminals as innocent victims which is not evermore the case.To counter for the negative effects of punitive measures to youth crime and anti-social behaviour the British government introduced the ASBO and ABC which means anti social behaviour orders and unexceptionable behaviours respectively.ASBO and ABC are recent developments in Britain which were designed to put a stop to anti-social behaviour by the individual on whom they are imposed.ASBO is a statutory creation and it carries legal force where as an ABC is an informal procedure though not without legal significance. Both types of interventions are aimed at stopping the problem behaviour rather than punishing the offender whic h may lead an individual into a deviant career. The ABC proved most effective as a means of encouraging young adults, children and parents to take responsibility for unacceptable behaviour. These measures are being used to improve the quality of life for local people by tackling behaviour such as harassment, graffiti, criminal damage and verbal abuse without criminalising the offender.The crime and disorder act (1998) contains the key elements of labours bare-ass youth justice scheme which saw the establishment of the youth justice and the restructuring of the non custodial penalties available to the youth court. The government believed that preventing offending promotes the welfare of the individual young offender and protects the public. The youth justice board oversees the youth offending teams which has a number of roles including assessing the risk and protective factors in a young persons life that relate to their offending behaviour to alter effective interventions to be enforced, providing support to young people who have been released from the custody into the community and early intervention and preventative work both in criminality and anti-social behaviour.To further reduce the effects of labelling the British government is tackling anti-social behaviour and its causes by tackling family problems, poor education attainment, unemployment, alcohol and drug misuse. The most successful interventions to be implemented where noted to be those that engage the individual in changing their own behaviour. This is being done ensuring that an individual understands the impact of their behaviour to the community whilst offering the needed support to conform.Rather than labelling and criminalising an individual the British government came up with effective advice, councelling and support that enable people who behave anti-Socially to change their behaviour. Perpetrators young and adults have issues in their lives that require the help and support of profess ional, statutory or voluntary organisations. Issues like money management and debt, communication difficulties with the family, young people struggling within the educational or employment because of offending behaviour and victims of domestic violence can all benefit from available services in Britain today.This essay therefore concludes that labelling theory is enormously influential in directing attention towards the relative and somewhat arbitrary nature of dominant definitions of crime and criminality in Britain. It also critizes the criminal justice and the agencies of social control for it reflects on the consequences of our social reaction and advocates for changes in public policy on juvenile justice, restorative justice,de-institutionalisation and communitarian approaches. The powerful insights of the labelling theory made the British authorities to rethink again on the tough on crime stance hence the introduction of new restorative measures which does not label or crimina lise young offenders. The labelling theory is therefore quite useful in understanding that the rise in the yob culture, gang culture and hoody culture in Britain was a result of criminalising young offenders rather than addressing issues leading the young into crime and anti-social behaviour.Words 2010ReferencesBerker and Howard, S (1963) Outsiders Studies in the sociology of deviance, New York free expressGoffman, E (1963) Stigma Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Prentice-hallHall, S (1978) Policing the crisis, The Macmillan press LTDHaralambos, M and Holborn (1991) Sociology themes and perspectives, Collins education.Macionis, J and Plummer, K (2005) Sociology a global introduction, Pearson education limited.Taylor et al, (1973) the new criminology for a social theory of devience, Routledge5

Cultural Myths :: essays research papers

We are considered fortunate to live in the world that we do today. Material things seem to be bountiful, science and technology only keeps on advancing, and we are every last(predicate) busy and hard at work in school or making money to achieve certain things in life by whatever means. In particular, science and technology has introduced so many significant inventions and conveniences to society that we cannot help but feel that we train to have these things. The products and services out there being advertised and sold are glamorized to appear faultless so that our attention is drawn to the benefits. Unfortunately, there are drawbacks and the fact that these inventions and conveniences are supposed to be quick and helpful could be a mere myth. This might lead one to ask if all the things we think we need to help us are really conveniences or merely burdensome.An example of something that is very useful and convenient, but at the said(prenominal) time could be very problematic would be the computer. Uses for computers have reached new heights. Aside from using them for word processing, computers serve as a source of delight with games and the Internet, are a means of communication, and we are able to shop in our underwear now if thats what is preferred. The Internet alone can have you academic session in the same place for hours at a time because of all its possibilities. However, along with all of its advantages come a computers weaknesses. Putting a spotlight on the Internet, what poses a concern to me would be the safety of it all. Nowadays, we can not be certain that what we perceive to be private information distillery remains to be so. When we make purchases over the Internet, so much information is available to the person sitting on the other end, which can in expel wind up in the hands of many others without our knowledge. It takes so much more time to make sure your information is secure with passwords and usernames. Wouldnt it patently be e asier to go out and buy what you need instead of worrying about what kind of personal information could be leaking out everywhere? It would scavenge a lot of worry and ones sanity. However, one might agree that it saves them time to do their grocery shopping at home dapple they can still watch the kids or fill their prescriptions without leaving the house with swollen lips because of an allergic reaction.

Saddam Hussein :: essays research papers

Saddam HusseinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.(Redirected from Saddam)Saddam HusseinEnlargeSaddam HusseinSadd& deoxyadenosine monophosphate257m Hussein & angstrom unit699Abd al-Majid al-Tikr&299t&299 (Often spelled Husayn or Hussain Arabic &1589&1583&1575&1605 &1581&1587&1610&1606 &1593&1576&1583&1575&1604&1605&1580&1610&1583 &1575&1604&1578&1603&1585&1610&1578&1610 born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.A rising star in the revolutionary Baath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and socialism, Saddam (see 2 regarding names) played a key share in the bloodless 1968 coup that brought the party to king. As vice president under the frail and elderly General Ahmed Bakr, Saddam tightly controlled conflict amidst government departments and the armed forces at a time when many organizations were considered capable of overthrowing the government b y forging a repressive security apparatus. Meanwhile, Iraqs economy grew at a rapid pace in the 1970s. 3As president, he developed a pervasive personality cult, ran an authoritarian government, and maintained power with the devastating Iran-Iraq struggle (19801988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991), which both corresponded with a sharp decline in living standards and the human rights situation. Saddam Husseins government, in particular, engaged in hard repression of movements that it deemed threatened his rule, as well as of ethnic groups that sought independence or autonomy.While he remained a universal hero among many disaffected Arabs for standing up to the West and for his staunch support for the Palestinians,4 the United States continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion pursuit the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Captured by U.S. forces on December 13, 2003, he will stand trial under the invigorated Iraqi government set up by U.S.-led forces.Contents showhide1 Youth2 Rise in the Baath party3 Consolidation of power3.1 Saddams consolidation of power and the modernization of Iraq3.2 Succession4 Saddam Hussein as a secular leader5 Foreign affairs5.1 The IranIraq War5.2 Tensions with Kuwait6 The Persian Gulf War6.1 Postwar aftermath7 1991-20038 2003 invasion of Iraq8.1 Pursuit and capture9 Trial10 Personal11 Notes12 Related articles13 External linkseditYouthSaddam Hussein was born in the village of Al-Awja, in the Tikrit dominion of Iraq, to a family of sheep-herders. His mother named her newborn "Saddam," which in Arabic means "one who confronts." He never knew his father, Hussein Abd al-Majid, who died or disappeared five months before Saddam was born. in short afterwards, Saddams twelve-year-old brother died of cancer, leaving his mother severely depressed in the final months of the pregnancy.

The Lizard King Essay -- Jim Morrison Music Essays

The Lizard KingSome may see The Doors drift man and offbeat poet extraordinaire Jim Morrison as the epitome of American culture, while countless others may see him as the complete antithesis. Rising to fame as American stake in the Vietnam War reached a pinnacle, Morrisons acclaim grew in a time of great American turmoil. The war in Vietnam was held as an issue of laid-back controversy amongst many Americans. Many saw our involvement as utter ludicrousness and did not comprehend the need to send U.S. troops overseas to fight a war they had nothing to do with. As a result, certain Americans began both directly and indirectly rebelling against the beliefs and norms of the time, and thus, the counterculture movement was born. Jim Morrison became an icon of this rebellious revolution against a anomic American government.James Douglas Morrison was born on December 8, 1943 in Melbourne, on Floridas east coast. He was the eldest child of George Stephen and Clara Clark Morrison whose la tter two children were Anne and Andrew respectively. By order of his father, a career Navy man, Jim attended naval academy for his elementary and high school years. He later attended St. Petersburg Junior College and Florida enunciate University before finally graduating from UCLA in 1965 as a film major with a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree.The emblem that was Jim Morrison had been bred completely by the ball club that he grew up in. Fueled by an era of governmental protest and an emerging counterculture movement, Jim Morrison lashed out in his own way against the injustice he saw in America. The entire concept of being able to speak ones own mind is a thoroughly American ideal in itself, obviously dating all the way back to the Bill of Rights. H... ...see as wrong. Jim Morrison personifies this ideal.Over the years since his tragic death, Morrison has become somewhat of an American Legend, a myth. His bilgewater seems to exist amongst those of other American legends like Davy C rockett, Johnny Appleseed, and Paul Bunyan. The Jim Morrison story, however, is as real as they come. Many Americans of today look to him as a symbol of rebellion and as a constant reminder that we as a nation and as individuals are free to follow and shape our own destiny. mould by a culture that often questions authority, Morrison left behind him a legacy of maintaining that ideal. Jim Morrison was and always will be a true American.WORKS CITEDLang, Joe (2001). JimMorrisonBiography. http//www.hotshotdigital.com/ WellAlwaysRemember/JimMorrisonBio.htmlMr. Mojo Risin Jim Morrison. (2000) http//www.mojorisin.net/jima1.html

Trip :: essays research papers

THE TRIPIt all started when my friend and I were off-roading and one of us had a wonderment idea Wouldnt this be fun to do in Colorado? So it begins, I mention that I have a cousin that lives in Colorado, and that we could stay with him and his family. We planned the trip for August 10th. Turns out this will be the more or less liberating and most independent event in my life. Thursday, August 10th rolls around, we choke and start loading the jeep, and hit the highway. Just knowing that we were on our own was such a big challenge for us, never in our lives have we gone(a) on trip with out the financial support and guidance of our parents. As we approach the first big city Omaha, I have to guide him and retell him which exits to take and when we got out of there it was such an accomplishment. After Omaha we had to fill up the tank for the first time. Never in my life have I argued with my best friend about the stupidest thing. Who, is deprivation to pay for the first gas fill- up? After about 10 minutes of arguing we finally decided to flip a coin to see who would pay. Turns out there are some rules about coin flipping that I didnt know about. We just had a mutual placement to alternate who pays for gas. That was only the first major delay in our trip. As we start on the long stretch of nothingness people refer to as the Nebraska highway, I realized that a box shaped automobile isnt the most aerodynamic car in the world. Turn out this is going to be a 16-hour trip to Gunnison Colorado instead of a 14 hours. Just one more delay on our trip.Have you ever tangle so overwhelmed, like the weight of the world is on your shoulders? Thats kind of how I felt, when trying to direct my friend through the city of Denver. It was one of the most challenging things to try and explain to someone else what I see on the map and how to get through the Mixmasters of Denver. We only ended up fillet and asking for directions about every other exit. Just one more small delay in our trip. As night falls the Rocky Mountains rise, obligation into our path and get to my cousins house we had to travel through Monarch Pass which is probably one of the hardest ones to drive due to the lack of spark and curves.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Theme of Strength Through Unity -- Grapes Wrath

Theme of Strength Through Unity in The Grapes of Wrath   The conventional benevolent family represents a necessary transition between self and comm building blocky. In the difficult era of the 1930s, the familys role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world kind of than to provide a link with it. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessity. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck habituates the etymon of strength through unity to comment on the relationship between the looseness of the bowels of individual families and the unification of the migrant people. The journey of the Joad family west illustrates this as they depart a parched Oklahoma, arrive in a hostile California, and eventually chill out in amongst others as unwelcome there as they argon. With the return of Tom to the family in the begin ning of the story, the Joad family is once again united, though at the same time we see them to be utterly isolated from other migrants. It is not until the loss of a proverbial right-arm of the family (Grandpa) that the family is first unified with others, the Wilsons. As their journey progresses, they lose more than members and struggle through increasing hardships, but in each situation the two families act as one and persevere. Grandma follows her husband to the grave, Ivy Wilsons wellness degrades, Noah leaves the family he knows doesnt truly love him, their cars continually break down, and their money is fast disappearing. Vehicles, food, and money are all shared, but with one familys loss the constitutional group benefits. The Joad familys experiences when they first arrive in California ar... ...ns baby is stillborn, signifying a terrible loss to the Joad family. Soon after, they come upon another family, and Rose of Sharon is able to use the milk meant for her dead chil d to help a sick, starving old man. Whats more, Rose of Sharon used her own milk, something normally only for the family, signifying the absence of a traditional family, and instead a universal family of a common plight. Throughout the course of the story, roughly half of the Joad family dies or disappears, but by the end of the novel the Joads are in a desperate yet relatively comfortable position. This was because as they gave up their kin, they were welcomed into society as a whole. In this manner John Steinbeck uses the theme Unity leads to Survival to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people.