ROBERT FULTON Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This machine otherwise known as Fulton’s driving boat or Nautilus was practically designed in response to requests of Napoleon Emperor. This machine was substantially used by the British Navy in protecting the country’s water territories. The works of Robert Fulton did not just end at the creation of the unique submarine vessel; he went ahead to design the steam boat capable of travelling at the speed of 7.5km/hr estimated after covering 240 kilometers within 32 hours (Herweck, Kopecky and Weir 12). An interesting fact about Fulton’s steam boat was its creation based on Newton’s laws of motion. This steam boat was named Clermont and was first sailed along River Hudson upstream from New York to Albany. In order to move the boat, Fulton knew that there must be a force that could trigger movement and thus the construction of the steam engine. To make use of friction force, Fulton designed special paddle wheels that turned due to the compulsive force produced by the steam engine to move the boat. In congruence with Newton’s third law of motion, which states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction, Fulton ensured that the steam boat moved at the same rate relative to the en ergy released from the steam engine (Herweck, Kopecky and Weir 12). We will write a custom essay sample on ROBERT FULTON or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The steam engine for Fulton’s steam boat was built on 24 horsepower Boulton and Watt engine. The engine also had a segregated condenser and moved due to the difference in pressure between steam and torrential vacuum. The Boulton and Watt assisted by ensuring development of a centrifugal regulator, which monitored the speed of the engine by simply regulating amount of steam ejected into the system (Rada). To compliment on the constituents of Fulton’s steam engine, Boyd adds that Fulton’s steam engine had a cylinder filled with steam that acted on each side of the piston (301). It also had an air pump. Furthermore, the system had connecting rods and cranks that ensured rotary motion and a flywheel. Rebman, Lange and Sandmann reckon that Fulton’s steam boat had a chimney through which thick black smoke oozed out into the atmosphere (5). This innovation was very instrumental as the vessel gained popularity in the American transport sector. The Clermont steam boat assisted in the transportation of raw materials and finished goods by industrial manufacturers during industrial revolution. The speed of Clermont steam boat enhanced connection between America and other continents thus opening up American continent for exploitation, settlement and exploration.

Music Copyright An Individual Or Group Of Musical Creators

Music copyright is the right to exclusively reproduce original music or works of an individual or group of musical creators. This right is granted by the Australian Law. This gives the writer a legal control of his or her original work, meaning, the subject can dictate how it should be used and distributed. The music author therefore has the right to take legal action upon anyone who uses the work without permission. (Christie 2012 np) Copyright infringement on the other hand is violation of this patent’s right. This right is mainly invaded in two ways, unauthorised download from, an unlicensed source or, unpermitted distribution of the music to other parties. The latter faces heftier penalties because in the eyes of the law, it is akin to stealing. (Larsson et.al 2014 p. 17) A music publisher is an individual or group that works with songwriters and composers to maximise royalties and take a percentage of money accrued in exchange for services rendered. This is convenient because, a creative may be too busy or may lack the administration know-how to keep a check on how his or her compositions are used by others. (Panda et.al p.155) It is a win-win business strategy to work with a publisher because they have a strong commercial incentive to do the best job. In Australia, music publishers are represented by the Australian Music Publishers Association. The role of a publisher can be summarised as follows:- Administrative and collection purposes: this entails, collectingShow MoreRelatedThe Development Ofu.s Copyright Law1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Development of U.S Copyright Law Simon Cho The history of U.S copyright law came from England. As a matter of fact, copyright was not intended to reward creators but to prevent sedition. As the number of presses grew in late fifteenth century in England, the authorities started to grant control over the publication of books to a group of printers, called the Stationers’ Company in mid-sixteenth century. The Licensing Act of 1662 confirmed that licensed printers have the right to publishRead MoreCopyrights And Other Legalities. Copyrights Are More Limited1490 Words   |  6 Pages Copyrights and Other Legalities Copyrights are more limited in scope than patents. They protect the original works of authorship, not the ideas they contain. In the United States, original works include literary, drama, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. A computer program, for example, is considered a literary work and is protected by copyright. A copyright gives its owner the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the material or perform or display it publicly. HoweverRead More An Examination of File-sharing on the Internet Essay4579 Words   |  19 PagesFile-sharing on the Internet â€Å"Napster and its founder held the promise of everything the new medium of the Internet encompassed: youth, radical change and the free exchange of information. But youthful exuberance would soon give way to reality as the music industry placed a bulls-eye squarely on Napster.† I. Introduction Today the use of a computer has provided many privileges to its users, and among those privileges the main and largest one is the distribution of information acrossRead MoreE Commerce : A Great Tool For Promoting Business1497 Words   |  6 Pagesto a large risks without protecting of its rights. Consequently, the law created to protect the rights such as copyright and/or patents, database laws, trademarks, industrial design law, and trade secret law to protect different types of intellectual property (IP) rights. 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Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms? Answer: Introducation The present case is based on terms of the contract. Contracts an agreement that is enforced by law. Therefore, it can be said that every contract is agreement, but not every agreement is contract[1]. In every contractual agreement, there are certain terms that present to determine the rights and obligation of the parties. There are certain essentials stated under the contract law to determine the validity of contracts. The most important elements of the contract are offer and acceptance. Offer consists of promises to do something or refrains to do something and when someone agrees to do certain offer, it becomes acceptance. The rule had been followed in the case of Carlill v Carbolic smoke ball co. An agreement to contract can either be oral or written. It is a statutory provision of the contract law that every contractual agreement contains express terms and implied terms. Express terms are those that articulated prior to the contract and those that are not mentioned under the contr act agreement, called as implied terms. However, in the present case, the terms are not form contract. There is a provision under the law named puffery. It is used regarding the promotional statement. The present terms is used to promote the characteristics of the chair and therefore, it is not a contractual terms. In the second question, it has been observed that Peter who wanted to buy a chair for lowering his back pain went to a shop and Samantha told that she has a perfect chair for him. Therefore, it can be said that the subject matter of the case is a chair that can be perfect for Peter. Samantha had suggested for Office Pro 9X chair and believed on the fact Peter had bought the same. Thus, it can be stated that the statements of Samantha regarded as the collateral contract[2]. Collateral contracts are oral in nature and the statements are based on the promises. The principle of the same has been followed in the case of the Savage (JJ) Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Therefore, it can be stated that the statements made by Samantha for the sale of the chair is a part of the contract terms. In this present case, classes of terms are involved. There are three classes of terms that present under the each part of the contract. The terms are conditions, warranties and in nominate terms[3]. It is clear from the definition that when the seller gives an assurance to the buyer regarding the product and state that the product is genuine in nature and based on the fact when the buyer buy the product, it forms warranty. In the present case, Samantha told Peter that the chair Pro 9X will be sufficient for him and it will help to reduce the back pain. Therefore, the terms of the statement contained in the case are warranty in nature. Based on the statement of Samantha, Peter has bought the chair. It is not necessary that the terms should have to be mentioned expressly under the contractual agreement. It can be implied in nature. The subject matter of the case is based on the terms of exclusion clause. The term exclusion clause mean certain contractual terms that restrict the parties right regarding the contract[4]. In the common law, the base of the exclusion clause forms a part of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. It is a rule under the contract Act that if there is a statement mentioned under the contractual terms and both the parties have given their consent over the same, the terms of the contract becomes applicable on them[5]. However, under the exclusion clause it has been stated that if any of the party to a contract is unknown to the terms of the contract, that terms will not be apply on the party. The same principle has been followed in Parker v South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416. In this present case, it can be observed that there is a clause (clause 10) has been mentioned in the document that excludes the company from any kind of breach regarding the warranty[6]. It should be stated here that as Peter did not know about the fact, therefore, the conditions of the terms will not applicable on him and he can sue the shop for the breach of contract. References Andrews, Neil.Contract law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686. Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. Carter, John W., David J. Harland, and Kevin E. Lindgren.Contract law in Australia. MICHIE, 1996. Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016. McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014 [1] Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. [2] Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. [3] McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. [4] Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. [5] Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686 [6] Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016.

Personal Impact Paper free essay sample

Once started the symptoms are chronic and lifelong with periods of remission in between bouts of active symptoms. Diagnosing CD may be lengthy, requiring non – invasive as well as invasive tests. A check of the stool could indicate bleeding, a blood test might indicate anemia or the antibody associated with Crohn’s. Abdominal x ray could indicate intestinal wall thickening. Physicians may need to do colonoscopy, biopsy to diagnose the disease ( Harvard Heath). CD is classified as an inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) (Neighbors Tannehill -jones, 2006). CD can be a debilitating disease and can affect all aspects of person’s life intensely as seen in the case of SM. Using a case study of an individual with Crohn’s disease, I will address how the CD impact on patient’s social, financial, and personal life, how patient learned about her disease and educational experience while learning about her chronic disease. I want to use the initial instead of full name to protect the patient’s privacy. SM , a 40 year old teacher with two younger children from Michigan admitted to our hospital with dehydration and anemia. She has been bloody diarrhea for six months and initial diagnosed with colitis by her primary care physician who gave her antibiotics and steroid which help her symptoms improving. Two day ago her diarrhea became very severe and reached as often as 15 to 17 times a day, accompanied by severe pain and abdominal cramping, loss of appetite, and sense of abdominal fullness. This has made it increasingly difficult for her to leave her home or go to work. â€Å" I feel like I am a prisoner of my own bathroom . SM has become moody and depressed. She has lost 40 pounds, developed blurred vision, and is growing facial hair. Her skin started to peel and split. She is bloated and her face is swollen. Her husband has filed a divorce because she could not take care of children , family ,plus financial crisis, and she is scared because she is covered under her husband’s medical insurance. Impact of Cronh’s disease can be extensive on an individual’s social, financial, and per sonal as seen in MS case. She could not work and only get 60% of her salary , plus medical expense, unable to take care her family, and her two young children so cause her husband filed divorce. Furthermore, she is isolated from her co-worker and friend since she is too weak to participate any social activity. All above caused her depression. According (Coheb. J. D, 1995) â€Å" long term stress and repeated crisis provide fertile ground for individual maladaptive functioning as well as creating vulnerability for dysfunctional family behavior. When psychosocial dilemmas persist over time and are left unattended, various form of dysfunction emerge† (p . 18). So psychologist was consulted for MS to help coping with her diagnosis, her debilitating symptoms ,and her husband filing for divorce. Depression can be situational and may aid in allowing MS to voice her feelings, and decrease her anxiety. The psychologist provided her more information about her disease, help her cope with her daily struggles, and gave her encouragement as another support system. The psychologist has tried to enlighten her husband regarding MS’s disease process and her stress could worsen its symptoms. Counseling the couple could reduce marital strife and perhaps assist MS and her husband to find mutual ground and save their marriage. The doctor explained to MS in brief about her diagnosis and treatment options which include drug therapy, nutrition supplement, herbs, and surgery. The nurses according to MS and her husband literacy level and readability made the broche with pictures, DVD to educate them how to deal with the disease. Using Bloom’s taxonomy, cognitive domain to help the patient and family to have knowledge as following: 1. What is Chron’s disease, how do the medication work, what is the main side effects, how to take the medications, what are complications so the patient and her family can participate her medical care. 2. How to maintain optimal nutrition: parental nutrition (PN) is used when symptoms of irritable bowel disease are severe. If oral foods are tolerated small, frequent, low residue feeding are given to avoid over distending the stomach and stimulating peristalsis. It is important for the patient to restrict activity to conserve energy, reduce peristalsis and calorie requirements. 3. How to promote rest: it is important to encourage activity within the limits of the patient’s capacity. The nurse suggests bed rest for a patient who is febrile , has frequent diarrheal stools or is bleeding. 4. How to cope with the stress and anxiety: teaching the patient the art of stress relief without drugs can give the patient a sense of control over some symptoms. Such as biofeedback, routine exercise, relaxation exercises, breathing techniques, massage, etc. According to (Mirkka et al, 2008) â€Å" patients expect functional knowledge about self care and how it affects their health. In addition to understanding the disease and treatment, patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment at home. Patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment with work, hobbies and social life, patients also expect that their family should learn about their illness, home care, and how to participate in treatment. â€Å" ( p. 250) After finishing the above teaching, MS and her husband accepted the facts and disease, expressed all the feeling and concerns to the nurse. While allowing MS to explore her feeling toward he diagnosis, the nurse could encourage her to set short- term and long -term goals. How will MS cope with pain today? What methods for pain control would MS like to continue to explore in the days to come (Bloom’s Taxonomy affective domain)? Once the goals setting, MS and her husband work together to comply with treatment, follow medical advise. Financial strategies will place a huge toll on MS’s disposition. The nurse enlisting the help of social work can help her develop plans for future caring needs. Social work can assist her to apply for other health plans that will support her alone. If she has no other support systems in place, social work can assist her with home health nursing for her recovery period and financial assistance , if she needs to be off from work for an extended time. MS’s struggles are many, but to ensure her successful recovery we must utilize all the resources of our multidisciplinary colleagues, as well as our nursing knowledge. We must take into effect what the patient’s diagnosis, prognosis, and experiences are so we can give her the best chance of survival with her illness.

The Hangi Essays - Physics, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics

The Hangi How does the construction of the Hangi cook the food with it? Introduction: The Hangi is a traditional Maori method of cooking food. Food from a Hangi is cooked underground by red-hot volcanic rocks and steam, which condenses onto the food, therefore cooking it. To make a hangi , a pile of wood is lit under the ground, heating up the light and easy to heat volcanic rock red hot. In modern Hangi , wire baskets filled with food are put inside the ground along with the volcanic rocks and covered with a wet cloth and soil dug up from the ground. The very hot steam created underground with the food has no other way of escaping, so it condensed onto the food, transferring its heat onto it. After 3 hours, the food should be completely cooked. Paragraph 1: Construction of Modern and Traditional Hangi Before the Introduction of metals and wire, the Maori only had Hangi to cook their food. In traditional Hangi , the food is laid out onto bark, large leaves, clean sticks, large leaves and other sorts of vegetation. These methods carry a whole range of uses including keeping the food clean, reduce burning, and to keep direct contact with the super-heated rocks to an absolute minimum. Some tribes used a carved wooden bowl called " Kono " to cook food by placing their food inside, then putting hot rocks on a liquid base to heat up the liquid, therefore cooking the food inside of it. The traditional Hangi cooked a variety of food such as fish, birds, other land animals, and vegetable leaves such as Puha , Kokihi and Kohetake . This method of cooking food was not however mainly used for cooking food but also favoured by Tohunga (Expert Practitioners) for making medicines and remedies by heating up leaves, bark and other organic matter. The introductio n of cooking vessels such as pots and pans ended the daily use of Hangi to cook food. This is because Hangi take a lot of time, preparation and planning to go into it, while the use of a pot or pan can make that process much faster.In modern Hangi , the leaves that were used are likely to be substituted with aluminium foil and metal baskets made of wire. The baskets prepared with food wrapped with aluminium foil are carefully placed inside the stones, with cabbage leaves on the bottom of the basket to prevent the basket and aluminium foil from burning. The food is then covered on the top with a wet cloth, then sprayed with water to create extra steam for the Hangi to cook on. Then a mound of Earth is placed on top of the Hangi is a way which traps the steam and heat from escaping. The food is then cooked and ready to eat in 3 to 4 hours. The modern Hangi , in my opinion, is better that the traditional Hangi for a number of reasons. Firstly, the tr aditional Hangi uses material they find in the bush such as leaves, bark and sticks to put their food over. This might be a health hazard to the people that eat the food as dirt and other debris such as ash from burning objects like wood, or the dirt finding a way to get into and contaminate the food. Also, people might get burn in the making of the fire, especially in the very hot conditions inside and near the Hangi . A modern " Hangi Machine" is available for purchase and it is a much safer way to cook food. With this Hangi machine, you are able to cook kai very easily, with less preparation and danger. But I believe the Hangi Machine undermines the whole "traditional cuisine" part of the Hangi . Paragraph 2: Types of Heat Transfer and Open and Closed Systems Liquids and Gases expand when they are heated. This is because the particles in the liquids and gases vibrate faster and faster as they get hotter, causing them to move. They also lose energy when they are cooler, slowing the vibration of the particles down, which makes the particles slower than when the liquid and gases are

Using the Spanish Verb Deber

Using the Spanish Verb Deber The Spanish verb deber is quite common and can be used to express obligation or that something that is likely.   Key Takeaways: Using the Spanish Verb 'Deber' The everyday verb deber is most often used to express that someone has a debt or is obligated to do something.The phrase deber de can be used to indicate that something is highly probable.In the preterite, deber is used to indicate that something should have been done. Expressing Obligation When used in this way, deber is frequently similar in meaning to the English must, should, or ought: Debes estudiar tus lecciones. (You ought to study your lessons.) ¿Quà © carro debo comprar? (Which car should I buy?)Alguien deber hablar de todo esto. (Someone will have to talk about all this.)No debe dormirse despuà ©s de comer. (He shouldnt go to sleep after eating.) The tone of deber to express obligation can be softened by using the conditional form instead of the present tense, although the difference isnt always translatable. When telling someone what he or she should be doing, using the conditional can come across as more polite: No deberà ­as abrir un blog si vas a hablar de temas personales. (You shouldnt start a blog if youre going to talk about personal subjects.)La Fuerza Aerea deberà ­a comprar mejores aviones de combate. (The Air Force should buy better combat planes.)Hay 25 libros que deberà ­amos leer antes de cumplir los 30. (There are 25 books we should read before we reach our 30s.) Expressing a Debt When used with a noun direct object, deber can usually be translated as owe. No me debes nada. (You dont owe me anything.)El gobierno le debe ms de $3 millones a mi madre. (The government owes my mother more than $3 million.)Siempre te voy a deber el haberme levantado cuando tan abajo estaba. (I am always going to owe you for having lifted me up when I was so low.) Expressing Strong Probability The phrase debes de is used to refer to a strong likelihood. In such cases, it is often the equivalent of the English must when must isnt used to express obligation: No debiste de firmar nada. (You must not have signed anything.)Debo de ser anormal. (I must be abnormal.)Deben de estar en buena condicià ³n. (In all likelihood, they are in good condition.) It is very common in some areas, especially in speech, to drop the de in sentences such as those above. However, out of context, doing so would make the sentences ambiguous. Thus while ​debà ­as de verme can mean only you must have seen me, debà ­as verme can mean either you must have seen me or you ought to have seen me. In that case, you would need to know the context to understand what was meant. On occasion, in some regions, you may hear deber de to express obligation. However, this usage is frowned upon by grammarians and should not be imitated if you are learning the language. Using Deber in the Preterite In the preterite tense, the rough equivalent of the simple past tense in English, deber can be used to indicate that something should have been done. Son las palabras que no debiste decir. (They are the words you shouldnt have said.)Pedro debià ³ pedir disculpas a sus empleados tras la difusià ³n del video. (Pedro should have asked for forgiveness from his employees after the video was broadcast.)Debà ­ ver que esto iba a ocurrir. (I should have seen that this was going to happen.) Phrases Using Deber These are among the common phrases using deber: Deberse a (owing to, due to): El aumento de las enfermedades crà ³nicas se debe a nuestro estilo de vida. (The increase in chronic illness is due to our lifestyle.)Cumplir con su deber (to do or fulfill ones duty): Complà ­ con mi deber de votar. (I fulfilled my duty to vote.)No deberse a nadie (to be answerable to nobody): El presidente no se debe a nadie - salvo a todos los ciudadanos de todos y cada uno de los estados. (The president isnt answerable to anyone - except for all the citizens of each and every one of the states.)Sentido del deber (sense of duty): No puedes decir que me falta el sentido del deber. (You cant say I lack a sense of duty.)

Delinquent Juveniles Should Not Be Tried as Adults Essay

Delinquent Juveniles Should Not Be Tried as Adults - Essay Example Initiation of early intervention programs and counseling will effectively deter juvenile delinquency. Delinquent juveniles should not be tried as adults Introduction The criminal justice system experiences many problems that hinder it from reducing the crime rates in the US. Despite the efforts that have been made in policing, prosecution, and sentencing of the criminal acts, the criminal justice system has remained ineffective in deterring crimes. One of the major problems with the criminal justice system is trying and sentencing of criminal juvenile offenders as adults (Siegel & Worrall, 2012, p. 315). Juvenile offenders lack the mental and emotional capacity to form intent and understand the consequences of committing crimes. According to the legal definition, a delinquent juvenile is a child who commits criminal acts that are punishable by law. According to the sociological perspective, a delinquent juvenile is just a child with antisocial behaviors in the society. The criminal j ustice system should aim at rehabilitating the juvenile offenders and not punishing them. Judges, lawyers, and prosecutors obstruct the processes that must be followed in trying the juvenile offenders. Almost all States have amended the laws to make it easier to sentence the juvenile offenders as adults (Siegel & Worrall, 2012, p. 315). ... presentation of the juvenile offenders during the trial and constitutionality of the harsh punishments has made the criminal justice system ineffective in prosecuting the juveniles. Juveniles have been prosecuted for joint crimes with adults in crimes that may not have involved the use of violence or physical injury of the victim. According to the US laws, juveniles of 14 years lack the legal capacity to hold a driver’s license, to seek employment, or enter in to legally binding contracts on their own. Children are required to attend school and receive adequate protection of the government in protection of their rights. The above concept of the law has been ignored by the criminal justice system, since juvenile offenders lack the cognitive and mental capacity to reason and form intent while committing criminal acts like murder and assault (Albanese & Dammer, 2011 p. 265). Young teenagers experience varied emotions and behavior swings due to high vulnerability to pressure and s ocial stress and, therefore, lack the mental ability to resist the risk taking behaviors like drug abuse. Juvenile offenders experience low social status in the society than adults. In 1994 alone, 2.7 million juveniles were arrested by the police for engaging in numerous crimes including violent crimes, status offenses, and non-violent crimes. In the same year, over 12,000 delinquency cases were referred to adult criminal courts by a process known as certification. The waiver of jurisdiction allows the juveniles of the ages of 16 and 17 years to be tried as adults in the adult criminal courts (Smith & Cole, 2008, p. 398). According to a Supreme Court ruling in the case of Stanford V Kentucky (1989), juveniles as young as 16 years can receive death penalties for juvenile criminal acts. About

Discuss the military strategy of the North from 1861 to the end of Essay

Discuss the military strategy of the North from 1861 to the end of 1862. How successful was this strategy - Essay Example Even though this strategy led to numerous casualties, it was instrumental in grounding the Southern forces. The North strategy was good to an extent that it diminished any possibility of foreign intervention, particularly from the Great Britain (Bradford, 2010). Finally, it is important to look at how successful the North strategy was. To a greater extent, historians and military strategists agree that the strategy applied by the North from 1861 to the end of 1862 was successful. Martin (2003) argues that this view is informed by the outcomes of the strategy. It is considered successful because it made the Southerners to lose morale because they were constantly exhausting their efforts by being prepared to fight without actually doing so. This strategy saw the North destroying vital transportation routes of the Southerners, a strategy that was effective in ensuring that they won the war (Bradford,

ITEM 7 (Elaborated response to issued raised) Essay

ITEM 7 (Elaborated response to issued raised) - Essay Example g been vitiating the social atmosphere without ever being identified as a problem that is essentially different both in nature and potential than the interpersonal problem that racism is generally viewed as by intelligentsia across the world. The author has painstakingly described how United Kingdom has long viewed racism to be essentially an interpersonal problem or at the most a problem between two or more groups that perceive the each other as adversaries and the primary reason for some long standing social malaise that happens to adversely affect the agitated group. Since this problem is entrenched between individuals, a possible solution to this problem has always been thought of in terms of influencing interpersonal behaviors through changing perceptions in the minds of ethnic majority about minority stereotypes. (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) However, the leaders of the society and successive governments in Great Britain acknowledged the fact that these misconceptions had become deeply entrenched in the minds of adversarial ethnic groups. Thus, the best way to rid the society of such pernicious prejudices, the governments thought, would be to introduce a school curriculum that would educate school going children in the age group of 5 – 11 about their duties and responsibilities as citizens of a multi-ethnic country. (Ryan, 2003) There have been a series of education policies that attempted to educate, or rather, enlighten the future citizens about their responsibilities and duties both towards the country and towards fellow citizens. (Banks, Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice, 2004) The first concerted attempts to educate school going children about duties and responsibilities of a contributing citizen began in early 1990s when ‘cross cultural themes’ were introduced in the school curriculum specifically to make young would be citizens aware of what their responsibilities shall be as they grow up to be adults. These

Chemical Structures and Excipient Profile of Drugs

Chemical Structures and Excipient Profile of Drugs DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILE CAFFEINE Chemical structure: Mol. Weight: Average: 194.1906 Melting point: 238  °C State: solid Water solubility: 2.16E+004 mg/L (at 25  °C) Half Life: 3 7 hours in geriatrics , 65 130 hours in pediatrics Protein Binding: Low protein binding (25 36%) Absorption: absorbed after oral and parenteral administration. The peak plasma level of caffeine ranges from 6 to 10mg/L and the mean time to reach peak concentration ranged from 30 minutes to 2 hours. Pharmacology: Caffeine is a naturally occurring xanthine derivative like theobromine and the bronchodilator theophylline. It is used as a CNS stimulant, mild diuretic, and respiratory stimulant (in neonates). Often combined with analgesics or with ergot alkaloids, caffeine is used to treat migraine and other types of headache. Over the counter, caffeine is used to treat drowsiness or mild water-weight gain. Mechanism of Action: Caffeine stimulates medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers, promoting bradycardia, vasoconstriction, and increased respiratory rate. This action was previously believed to be due primarily to increased intracellular cyclic 3†²,5†²-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) following inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP. Xanthines such as caffeine act as antagonists at adenosine-receptors within the plasma membrane of virtually every cell. As adenosine acts as an autocoid, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic sites but augmenting the actions of nor epinephrine or angiotensin, antagonist of adenosine receptors promotes neurotransmitter release. This explains the stimulatory effects of caffeine. Blockage of the adenosine A1 receptor in the heart leads to the accelerated, pronounced pounding of the heart upon caffeine intake. Indication: For management of fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, and for the short term treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonates. Toxicity: LD50= 127 mg/kg (oral dose in mice) ERGOTAMINE Chemical structure: Mol. Weight: Average: 581.6615 Melting point: 213.5  °C State: solid state Water solubility: Slightly soluble Half Life: 2 hours Absorption: The bioavailability of sublingual ergotamine has not been determined. Pharmacology: Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor and alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist. The pharmacology of ergotamine is extremely complex; some of its actions are unrelated to each other, and even mutually antagonistic. The drug has partial agonist and antagonist activity against tryptaminergic, dopaminergic and alpha adrenergic receptors depending upon the site, and is highly active uterine stimulant. It causes constriction of peripheral and cranial blood vessels and producing depression of central vasomotor centers. The pain of a migraine attack is due to increased amplitude of pulsations in the cranial arteries, especially the meningeal branches of the external carotid artery. Ergotamine reduces extra cranial blood flow, causes a decline in the amplitude of pulsation in the cranial arteries, and decreases hyper perfusion of the territory of the basilar artery. It does not reduce cerebral hemispheric blood flow. Mechanism of Action: Ergotamine acts on migraine by one of the two proposed mechanisms: 1) activation of 5-HT1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arteriole-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine, and 2) Activation of 5-HT1D receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system which results in inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release. Indication: For use as therapy to abort or prevent vascular type of headache, e.g., migraine, migraine variants, or so called histaminic cephalalgia. Toxicity: Signs of overexposure including irritation, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, thirst, coldness of skin, pruritus, weak pulse, numbness, tingling of extremities, and confusion. CYCLIZINE Chemical structure: Mol. Weight: Average: 266.38 Melting point: 105.5  °C State: solid state Water solubility: 1000 mg/L (at 25  °C) Half Life: 20 hours Pharmacology: Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative antihistamine used as antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Cyclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in disease affecting the vestibular apparatus. The mechanism by which cyclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects is not been fully elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affects medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects. Mechanism of Action: Vomiting (emesis) is essentially a protective mechanism for removing irritant and harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis is controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesse neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness involves overstimulation of the pathways due to various sensory stimuli. Hence the action of cyclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reducing the activity along these pathways. Furthermore since cyclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as well, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked. Indication: For prevention and treatment of the nausea, vomiting, and dizziness that are associated with motion sickness, and vertigo (dizziness caused by other medical problems). EXCIPIENT PROFILE MANNITOL Synonym: D –mannite, manna sugar, cordycepic acid, pearlitol. Emperical Formula: C6H14O6 Molecular Weight: Approx. 182.17 Description: Mannitol is a white , Odorless, crystalline powder or free flowing granules .It has sweet taste , approximately as sweet as glucose and half as sweet as sucrose, impart the cooling sensation in the mouth. Density, bulk: 0.430 g/cm3 for powder 0.7g/cm3for granules Density, tapped: 0.734gm /cm3for powder, 0.8gm/cm3 for granules. Solubility: Freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol (96 per cent). It shows polymorphism. Incompatibility: Mannitol is incompatible with xytilol infusion and may form complexes with some metals such as aluminum, copper and iron. Mannitol was found to reduce bioavailability of cemitidine compared to sucrose. Handling precaution: Mannitol may be irritate to eye, eye protection is recommended. Uses: Diluents (10-90%w/w), mannitol is used as excipient in the manufacture of chewable tablet because of its negative heat of solution, sweetness and mouth feel. MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE Synonym: Cellulose gel, crystalline cellulose, Avicel PH 101, 102 Empirical Formula: (C6H10O5)n Molecular weight: Approx.36000 Description: Purified, partially depolymerised cellulose occurs as a white, tasteless odorless, crystalline, powder that is composed of porous particles available in different particle size grades with different properties , i.e. 101 ,102 Bulk Density: 0.28gm/cm 3 Tapped Density: 0.43gm/cm3 Solubility: Insoluble in water, dilute acids and most organic solvents .Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. Stability and storage condition: Stable and hygroscopic. Store in a well – closed container. Incompatibility: None cited in the literature. Handling precautions: No restrictions. Uses: Tablet binder / diluents (5-20%), tablet disintegrant (5-15%), tablet glidant (5-15%) antiadherent (5-20%), capsule diluents (10-30%) CROSSCARMELLOSE SODIUM In a cross linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium. Synonym: Ac-DI-Sol; Molecular formula: C8H16O8 Molecular weight: 240.20784 Description: It occurs as an odorless, white or grayish white powder. Density, bulk: 0.529gm/cm3 Density, tapped: 0.819gm/cm3 Stability and storage condition: It is stable though hygroscopic material, preserve in well closed container in cool and dry place. Incompatibilities: The efficacy of disintegration may be slightly reduced in tablet formulation prepared by either the wet granulation or direct compression that contains hygroscopic excipients such as Sorbitol. Handling precautions: It may be irritant to eye. Eye protection is recommended. Uses: It is used in oral pharmaceutical formulation as, a disintegrant for capsule, tablets, and granules. SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE Sodium salt of cross linked partly o- carboxymethylated potato starch.. Synonym: Carboxy methyl cellulose, sodium salt, exeplosol, explotab. Description: White or almost white free flowing powder, very hygroscopic. Density, bulk: 0.75gm/cm3 Density, tapped: 0.95gm/cm3 Solubility: Practically insoluble in Methylene chloride. It gives a translucent suspension in water. Stability and Storage: It is stable and should be stored in a well closed container in cool and dry place. Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with ascorbic acid. Handling precautions: Eye protection, glove and a dust mask are recommended. Uses: It is use in oral pharmaceutical formulation as a disintegrant for capsule, tablet, and granules. TALC It is hydrous magnesium silicate may contain a small amount of aluminium silicateand iron. Nonpropritery Name: Purified Talc (BP), Talc (JP), Talc (USP). Synonym: A talc, hydrous magnesium calcium silicate; powdered talc. Empirical Formula: Mg ­6 (Si2O5) (OH) 4 Description: A very fine, white to grayish-white, impalpable, odorless, crystalline powder. Adheres readily to skin soft to touch and free from grittiness. Density, bulk: 19gm/cm3 Density, tapped: 48gm/cm3 Solubility: Insoluble in water, organic solvents, cold acid. Stability and Storage: Stable, preserve in well closed container. Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with quaternary ammonium compounds. Handling Precaution: Eye protection, gloves, and respirator are recommended. Uses: It is use a s glidant, lubricant (1-10%), Diluents5-30%, Dusting powder 90-99% MAGNESIUM STEARATE Synonym: Metallic stearate; octadecanoic acid; magnesium salt; Stearic acid. Nonproprietary Name: Magnesium Stearate (BP); Magnesium Stearate (JP); Magnesium Stearate (USP). Empirical Formula: C36H70MgO4 Molecular Weight: 591.3 Description: Fine, white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density. Odour and taste are slight but characteristic. The powder is readily adheres to the skin. Density, bulk: 0.519 gm/cm3 Density, tapped: 0.286gm/cm3 Melting point: 117-1500C Stability And Storage Condition: Stable, non self polymerisable, store in cool and dry place in a well closed container. Incompatibilities: Incompatable with strong acid substances, alkaline substances, iron salts, avoid mixing with strong oxidizing materials. Use with caution with drugs , which are incompatible with alkali. Uses: tablet and capsule lubricant, glidant or antiadherent (0.25-2.0%).(Brunye et al., 2010) (Mohammadi and Kanfer, 2005) (Shapiro and Cowan, 2006) (Tsutsumi et al., 2002)

Enhancement Drugs influence the career of professional athletes Essay

Will we be able to barricade ‘Doping’ from intoxicating the world of sports? The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) states that the term doping comes from the Africans word ‘dop,’ a concoction made from grape leaves that Zulu warriors drank before going into battle (as sited in Maxwell, & Melham, 2005, p.1). Today, many athletes worldwide have been found guilty of breaching the Anti Doping Act. Over the years, there has been an increase in the number of drug offenders in sports, as the need to win becomes priority and dope is relayed from athlete to athlete, directly and indirectly. Though not used by all, it is imperative for sports personnel to be educated and be made aware of the health issues such as cardiovascular disease and legal ramifications associated with the use of Performance Enhancement Drugs. The use of performance enhancing drugs improves the athletes’ performance; however, it may endanger the body’s natural mechanism. The body is an organism that is able to carry out its optimal function by how it is treated through the lifestyle, whether sedentary or active, nutritional habits, exercise and hygienic habits of the individual. These are altered by the use of drugs. Many athletes are oblivious to the reality of the grave effects of doping on the body and put themselves at risk for acquiring many potential illnesses, for example, â€Å"cardiovascular and liver disease, infertility in males and females and emotional instability – depression† (Maxwell et al., 2005). These reactions may be evident after prolonged use of drugs as athletes may become dependent. In contrast, enhancement drugs may â€Å"increase the athletes strength, speed, appetite and reduce fatigue† (Arnheim, & Prentice, 2002). These advantages add to the overwhelm... ..., this would lead to chaos, indiscipline, a breakdown in social order and a failure in the ethics of sports. The World Anti doping Agency has joined with the medical team in order to maintain and monitor the standards deemed appropriate by the Anti doping Agencies, to promote healthy sportsmanship for all competitors. Works Cited Arnheim D, & Prentice W, Essentials of Athletic Training (2002) 5th Ed. Chapter 23, pp518-519. New York. Levy L. (2011). Steve Mullings Tested Positive, The Gleaner, pp1. Sec B. Maxwell J, & Mehlman J.D, (2005) Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports: http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com Retrieved: March 2, 2012 Sommerville S, lewis M. (2005) Accidental breaches of the doping regulations in sports: Is there a need to improve the education of sports people: Sports Med, British Journal of Sports Medicine; 39:512-516, doi: 10.1136

Thw Winter Holiday Homework

EICHER SCHOOL HOLIDAY HOMEWORK CLASS – VIII ENGLISH Q1Read the newspaper article and answer the questions that follow: Ban is the correct move 10 Feb 2009, Vikram Sinha The move by the central government to finally introduce an amendment to the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving, has materialized. It also ensures that there are no loopholes left in the law by including hands-free sets in the ban . Doubtless, there will be those who claim that such devices are safe since they free both hands for driving. It is a false claim. There is an assumption that it is the physical hindrance caused by conversing on the phone while driving that is the main safety hazard. Rather, the issue is the mental distraction of the driver. The US is pushing all its states to implement a similar ban. For evidence, it cites several studies, such as one by the university of Utah, which prove that using hands-free devices is as dangerous as speaking on cell phone without them. Another study cited by the report establishes why this so. It states that conversing with a fellow passenger is not dangerous and many instead lead to greater safety. The reason for this is simple enough . a co-passenger is likely to keep an eye on the road, adjust or stop danger. A person at the other end of a phone connection cannot do this. The conservation will remain unchanged, demanding the driver’s attention and lessening his focus on the road at the moment when he might need it the most. The introduction of such a specific law in India is long overdue. And now that one is finally being introduced, the Ministry of Road Transport and highways is taking the correct step by being thorough. [ source: TOI 10 Feb,2009] 2. 1 ‘It is a false claim’ ( para 1). What is the false claim? The claim that A. the amendment is finally being introduced B. co-drivers can help a driver avoid accidents C. all cell phones can create distractions for drivers D. hand- free phones can be safely used when driving 2. 2. What is the usual assumption of people? A. Conversing on a cellphone causes maximum accidents. B. Using a phone while driving does not cause any difficulty C. Mental distractions are more harmful than physical distractions. D. These bans should only be implemented in US. and 2. 3 According to the passage, in what way is the driver talking to a co-passenger less risky as compared to talking on phone? A. Talking to a co-passenger increases the concentration of the driver. B. Talking to a co-passenger keeps a driver awake in long drives. C. Co- passengers will stop the conversation and warn the driver of danger. D. Co-passengers can answer the phone calls 2. 4 ‘The US is pushing all its states to implement a similar ban’ Here ‘similar ban’ refers to A. Use of cell phones while driving B. Talking to co- passengers while driving C. Use of both cell-phones and hands- free devices while driving D. None of the above 2. 5. Choose the word from the passage that means the same as â€Å" strictly not allowed† A. rohibited B. implemented C. hindrance D. loopholes Q2 Prepare a book review on the class library / school library book you have read based on the following points: 1) Name of the book 2) About the author 3) Judgement 4) Summary G. SC Bio Q1. State the importance of water. Q2. Why is the frequency of irrigation higher in summer? Q3. What is irrigati on? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water. Q4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following a) Preparation of soil. b) Sowing Q5. Why weeds should be removed before they produce flowers and seeds? Q6. Why is weeding necessary? Chem Q1. State the different ways to stop fire. Q2. Why a gas burner does has holes surrounding it (on outside)? Q3. Cooking utensils acquire the coating of a black powdery substance if kept on yellow flame of the burner. Why? Q4. Draw a well labeled diagram to show the different regions of flame. Phy Q1. What is the purpose of L. H. C? (Large Hadron Collider) Q2. How are charges developed here? Q3. Write two areas where problems are coming LHC? Q4. What discovery it will make once it becomes successful? Q5. Write a short note on LHC. [READ CHAPTER NATURAL PHENOMENA TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT] S. ST ? Collect information on Durban ,South Africa Earth Summit held this year. ? The information has to be pasted in the class note books. ? Students will be graded on the work submitted. S. kt Do pg . 77 to 81 in Assignment. Hindi (Do page num 117 and 135 from assignment) MATHS 1. Express the following as the product of two factors:- i) 18Ãâ€"2 + 24x + 8 ii) 25t2 + 10t + 1 iii) 9u2 – 6u + 1 2. Evaluate (48Ãâ€"2 + 30x + 3) ? 16x + 3) 3. Divide :- i) a6 + 2a3b3 – 3b6 by a3 – b3 ii) 4Ãâ€"4 + 1 by 2Ãâ€"2 + 2x + 1 4. Check whether x -2 is a factor of x3 – 8 5. A certain sum of simple interest becomes double in 20 years. In how many years will it become four times? 6. If the C. P of 8 articles is equal to S. P of 6 articles, find the gain %. 7. What sum of money will amount to 45582. 25 at 6[pic] p. a in 2 years, interest being compounded annually? 8. A cubical container is 15 cm long. The volume of container is 5. 4 cm3. Find the area of its end. 9. Due to rainfall, a square terrace of length 9m is filled with water up to a height of 6 cm. How many litres of water has accumulated on the terrace? 10. Find the value of x, if i) 2x = (6)2 – (4)2 ii) 6x = (23)2 – (17)2 11. If the area of rectangular field is 21 x2 – 7x and one of its sides is 7 x,what is its other side ? 12. Find the greatest no. of seven digits which is perfect square. What is the square root of this number? 13. A decimal fraction is multiplied by itself. If the product is 251953. 8025, find the fraction. 14. Find the volume of a cube whose total surface is 486 cm2 ? 15. Multiply – 3x2y by (7x3y – 5xy2). Verify the product by taking x = -2, y = -1.

The Son of Sam and Terror of New York essays

The Son of Sam and Terror of New York essays The Son of Sam and Terror of New York "At one a.m. on July twenty-ninth a man was cruising in the Bronx when he spotted two young women sitting in a parked blue Oldsmobile. He swung around a corner and abandoned his car, pushing the bag-covered pistol into the waistband of his trousers. With his characteristics gait he shuffled back toward the women, Donna Lauria, eighteen, a medical technician, and Jody Valenti, nineteen, a student nurse. They were parked in front on Lauria's home; her parents had just returned from a restaurant and had spoken to their daughter before going into the house. Donna had promised to follow in a minute. At 1:10 a.m., the man walked up to the passenger side of the Oldsmobile Cutlass, pulled his revolver from the paper bag, and assumed a semi-crouch. He pulled the trigger five times. (True Crime 1992, 164) As the car window shattered, Donna Lauria raised her hands to protect herself. One of the .44 caliber bullets struck her in the right side of the neck, killing her quickly. Another bullet hit Jody Valenti in the thigh. She screamed and fell forward, landing on the car horn. The man dashed back to his car and drove away"(True Crime 1992, 164) This was the start of a terrifying year for New York. A demon was among the city. This demon possessed the mind of a twenty-three-year-old pudgy Jewish man. The demon was a six thousand-year-old spirit, which communicated to him through his neighbor, Sam Carr's Labrador retriever. (Reicher 1996) Born Richard David Falco but better known now as the Son of Sam or the .44 Caliber killer had no real sense of identity from birth. The result of an affair between his mother and her married lover he was unwanted even before birth. As soon as he was born adoption papers had been filed. Unlike many children stuck in the system for years, the baby was adopted. Pearl and Nat Berkowitz, a Jewish couple, adopted him and changed his name to David Berkowitz...

Calculate MD5 Hashing for a File or String Using Delphi

Calculate MD5 Hashing for a File or String Using Delphi The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function. MD5 is commonly used to check the integrity of files, like to make sure that a file has been unaltered. One example of this is when downloading a program online. If the software distributor gives out the MD5 hash of the file, you can produce the hash using Delphi and then compare the two values to make sure theyre the same. If theyre different, it means the file you downloaded is not the one you requested from the website, and therefore may be malicious. An MD5 hash value is 128-bits long but is typically read in its 32 digit hexadecimal  value. Finding the MD5 Hash Using Delphi Using Delphi, you can easily create a function to calculate the MD5 hash for any given file. All you need is included in the two units IdHashMessageDigest and idHash,  both of which are a part of  Indy. Heres the source code: uses IdHashMessageDigest, idHash; //returns MD5 has for a file function MD5(const fileName : string) : string; var   Ã‚  idmd5 : TIdHashMessageDigest5;   Ã‚  fs : TFileStream;   Ã‚  hash : T4x4LongWordRecord; begin   Ã‚  idmd5 : TIdHashMessageDigest5.Create;   Ã‚  fs : TFileStream.Create(fileName, fmOpenRead OR fmShareDenyWrite) ;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  result : idmd5.AsHex(idmd5.HashValue(fs)) ;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fs.Free;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  idmd5.Free;   Ã‚  end; end; Other Ways to Generate the MD5 Checksum Apart from using Delphi are other ways you can find the MD5 checksum of a file. One method is to use Microsoft File Checksum Integrity Verifier. Its a free program that can be used only on the Windows OS. MD5 Hash Generator is a website that does something similar, but instead of producing the MD5 checksum of a file, it does so from any string of letters, symbols, or numbers that you put in the input box.

WE 4 Response crj 520 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WE 4 Response crj 520 - Essay Example That has never really worked as they might have wished (Miles, 2014). That is why today our American prisons are overcrowded and unstaffed. The prison system cannot be expected to improve until the minds of people are changed. Prison is not supposed to be a vacation spot, a recreational facility, or the next best thing to the local gym. It is supposed to be a place where people who have broken the law are sent to serve the time allotted as their punishment. As Scott discusses Probation and Parole Officers are the transition person between the time they have spent incarcerated and their reintroduction back into society. They make educated decisions about which parolees are in need of greater counseling, mental health, medical, or drug treatment and have a greater chance of committing another crime, as opposed to those who will likely never reoffend. However, the problem with prison’s today is the fact that you have hardcore, hardened, and dangerous criminals directly interacting with petty criminals, like shoplifters. When that shoplifter gets out he faces hard times instead of resorting to his petty crime skills, he may escalate his crime based on what he learned from other inmates in prison (Samen ow, 2010). This can have a dramatic effect and creates unpredictability in the equation. Miles, K. (2014, March 10). Just how much the war on drugs impacts our overcrowded prisons, in one chart. The Huffington Post, 1. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/10/war-on-drugs-prisons-infographic_n_4914884.html Samenow. (2011, April 9). Do prisons really make offenders worse?. Psychology Today, 1. Retrieved from

The economics of labor market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The economics of labor market - Assignment Example By consuming leisure you are forgoing the wage you could have earned by working that hour.as the wage increases leisure get more expensive and you consume less leisure. That is as the wage increase you work more hours Income effect- leisure is a normal good as you get wealthier you’ll want to consume more leisure. As the wage you receive increase you become wealthier and thus will want to consume more leisure. Thus as the real wage increase you work fewer hours 5) hire another worker as long as the worker adds at least $1 to profits or hire another worker as long as the cost of that worker (his wage) is less than or equal to the value of that worker’s extra output. 6) Technological advances decrease demand for labor Anything that changes either the amount of output workers can produce or the price of that output will shift the labor demand curve. Fishers, for example, would be more productive if they were provided with better training, more equipment, or improved technology, so all of these things would tend to increase the demand for

X-ray Photons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

X-ray Photons - Essay Example The intensity of beam if then given by the number of photons passing through a given area per unit time. As the intensity is also proportional to the square of the electric field it follows that magnitude of the field is quantised (Dendy & Heaton, 1999). Thus A beam of x-ray photons is heterogenous and presents both fields: electrical and magnetic. Because X-ray beam is not originated from a point source it's divergent by its nature. In this way the magnification of the image could be achieved by the increase of the focus distance (direct dependence). Because of the existence of two different types of photon interaction within the x-ray tube there is important what peak voltage is used. The energy of electrons depends on the voltage between the anode and cathode. Higher peak voltage produce photons with higher energy (Aichinger et al., 2003). Thus measurement of the practical peak voltage is used for the quality control of X-ray units (Ramrez-Jimnez et al., 2004). There are some types of X-ray photons dependently on their origin and type of interaction with target atom. If the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron of the target atom rather than an outer-shell electron than characteristic x-radiation can be produced (Christensen et al., 1979;). Contrarily to the characteristic interaction Bremsstrahlung (braking) x-radiation occur when the projectile electrons lose their kinetic energy in the interaction with the nucleus of a target atom (Aichinger et al., 2003). Actually, X-ray tube is very ineffective device - only small part of energy is transformed in X-ray beams while the rest just produce heat (Aichinger et al., 2003). Only small part of the anode surface is involved in x-ray production. This area is called as the "focal spot". There is known that smaller focal spots is more useful for imaging purposes because they generate less blurring and provide better visibility of image details. Thus X-ray tubes with small focal spots are useful for decrease of radiation loading (Aichinger et al., 2003). X rays interact with irradiated substances in form of photoelectric effect, dispersion and forming of pairs "electron-positron" (Aichinger et al., 2003) They have high penetrating capacity, its property is described by formula: I=I0e-rt, where I0 - is intensity of the beam of X-rays, - attenuation coefficient (Aichinger et al., 2003). The depth of penetrating depends on the half-value thickness, i.e. the thickness of an absorbing substance that reduces the intensity of x-ray beam to half its value (i.e. I0/2). The half-value thickness depends on the attenuating properties of the substance itself and the penetrating power of the radiation incident upon it. This property is used for such radiographic tests as roentgen-densitometry when density of tested object is compared with etalon, e.g. aluminium equivalent (Wells & Ryan, 2000). Another practical application of the half-value thickness knowledge is shielding/filtration. Protective equipment is an example of added filtration. Filtration allows increasing the average energy of X-ray beams and reduce amount of low-energy photons. It's helpful for radiation dose control. Minimum adequate filtration of the x-ray beam is achievable at the half value thickness which is equal or more than 2.5 mm of aluminium (Bushberg et al., 1994). Both Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation are emitted in the anode

Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Food Essay In 1973, scientists discovered something that has the potential to change the world we live in forever they discovered Genetic Modification. Genetic modification is exactly what it sounds like it is the modification of genes inside a living organism. This of course could be used on humans or animals but as soon as this discovery was made safety precautions were put into place to stop people using this new technology in the wrong way. The secret to genetic modification of genes lies in the plasmid. A plasmid is a ring of DNA inside bacteria and can be used to change the genetic message inside the bacteria. For example if you were to want to create insulin you would extract the insulin producing gene from the pancreas cell of a human and cut open the plasmid and insert it the gene. This new DNA created is called recombinant DNA. The bacteria would then go on to produce human insulin. Since this is the basis of how this technology works it can also be transferred to foods. Scientists are now looking how they can genetically modify food in the world to make it better and hardier than the food nature produces. Some foods have already been genetically modified and are being grown widely throughout the United States. Crops such as Soya, Cotton, Maize and Potatoes are already modified and sold throughout the country. Scientists have genetically modified these crops to make them resistant to herbicides (weed killers) and to create their own poison that kills pests that eat the crop. These highly advanced crops are more likely to produce food for harvesting than normal crops would. With this new genetically modified food it raises issues about just what can be done with it. Places such as Africa which have lots of drought may find that a crop could be developed that would be resistant to drought and could actually survive the harsh conditions and produce crops. A crop that is being developed right now is rice that contains vitamin A that can easily be absorbed into the body. Since poorer countries have a serious lack of vitamin A this new crop would help them to gain the nutrients they need to be healthy. These two crops could be a huge help to world hunger. More food could be produced and the food would make the people that eat it healthier. However, there cant only be good news about GM food or else it would be put into production throughout the world. Many are concerned that GM crops could have a huge impact on the environment. Many say scientists are playing around with something that they dont understand and could damage wildlife and the environment. Concerns of how the GM crops would affect wildlife are a big concern. It has been found out that the crops that have built in poisons to kill pests could also kill other animals such as butterflies. This could have an impact on the food web that the butterfly is apart of. There are also worries of a superweed being created accidentally by the gene that makes the crop resistant to herbicides. People are worried that this gene could get into a weed and make it resistant to the chemicals that are used to kill it. This would make it very difficult to rid crops of weeds and they could have the potential of spreading across the world. Other worries of GM crops include cross-pollination of other plants with these super crops. Farmers that grow organic food may find that some pollen from a GM Crop has pollinated with their crop and made a new hybrid plant. Overall it would appear that there are both positive and negative aspects to the genetic modification of crops. On the positive side there is the possibility that world hunger could be helped by these new crops. However there are the negative aspects that GM crops could have an irreversible impact on the world and environment in which we live in. If further tests were conducted on how GM crops would affect the world in which we and many other species live, maybe there could be some agreement on how we should go about using this new technology that has been discovered. Eventually genetic modification may be taken to new heights by genetically modifying humans and animals to be stronger and smarter. But hopefully this will not be so because then scientists would really be messing around with something that they are not sure about. This could also have huge impacts on the world.

Free Speech -- Liberty Rights Papers Internet Censorship

Free Speech â€Å"Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.† These words were spoken by Benjamin Franklin, one of our nation’s founding fathers, when the United States was still a newly independent country. Free speech, which is defined as the right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government, is a subject that is still present in the minds of many people today. At one extreme of the spectrum is a group of folks that do not care the slightest bit about free speech issues and at another end is a group of people who will vehemently fight to protect their right to free speech. In a middle ground, like most peoples’ stance, lay a large group of individuals who only take notice and take action regarding such issues when they become personally affected. Only when a person is confronted directly with someone or something that limits their actions or ability to express themselves do they begi n to realize just how much they take the right to free speech for granted. And not only is free speech threatening issues becoming more common today, but the age at which individuals come across these threats to free speech is getting even younger. It is starting quite early for today’s children as they are becoming well acquainted with perhaps the most widespread but least recognized threat to our free speech, internet content filters. According to the Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility’s (CPSR) Frequently Asked Questions on filtering, a content filter is one or more pieces of software that work together to prevent users from viewing material found on the Internet and is described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as a software mechanism for... ...ob at actually restricting access to inappropriate material and rather do a much better job at blocking beneficial resources. First and foremost the issue of government-imposed internet content blocking must be addressed. Once a solution to that has been applied, then the use of filters in general can be tackled. The solution to this can best be summed up by the following quote from the National Research Council’s book, Youth, Pornography, and the Internet, â€Å"Swimming pools can be dangerous for children. To protect them, one can install locks, put up fences, and deploy pool alarms. All these measures are helpful, but by far the most important thing that one can do for one’s children is to teach them to swim.† Once parents address the issues through communication with their children, there will be much less of a need for the â€Å"filtering† software on the market today.

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This note presents the mechanical design of the system in question and more experimental findings which support the assumption of the novel model constructed there. Moreover, this note contains first conclusions and preliminary discussions. A system composed of a metallic cylinder filled with pressured air (up to 5 ATM), and a rubber, square sectioned ring, as a seal was Investigated theoretically and experimentally. Under a certain pressure difference (Internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, the rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage.However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p(t) as a function of time. A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), via considering air flow through cracks, have been suggested before, based on [1] but they have failed to describe the profile in question due to the coupled constitutive properties of rubber and a construction that allow the creation of micro- scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass.A novel heuristic model, which assumes a symmetry preserving analogy between the micro-scale air tunnels and the rubber polymer strands is proposed. Thus, polymer equations based on statistical thermodynamics are applied on the alarm streamlines. Using this model, there are four unset parameters whose values are being determined by the experimental profiles, similar to the semi-phenomenological rubber model of Mooney-Rivaling. An excellent correspondence between the model and physical essence of the phenomenon.Many standard trendiest have been tried and failed to describe p(t) accurately, including 3rd order polynomial which has also four parameters. Key-words: – Sealing, Pressure drop, Air leakage, Air-polymer analogy, Polyp-Air, Micro-Macro, Language. Ascribing air flow through cracks are available in [2], [3], but those have to be adjusted to describe air flow through rubber-metal inter face. In the following note we will describe the experiment set mechanical design and the final system configuration itself.Moreover, we will mention some results regarding the experiment. 1 Introduction An air pressure vessel (up to ATM) is composed of a metallic cylinder and a cover, and sealed with a rubber, square sectioned ring, as seen in Fig. L . Under a certain pressure difference (internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, he rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage. However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p as a function of time for small values of h (up to of the initial vertical dimension – ho).A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), by describing air flow through cracks (of heat regenerator for example) , have been previously suggested but they have failed to accurately describe the profile in the following specific setup due to the coupled constitutive property of rubber and a construction that allows the creation of micro-scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass. A few more mathematical and physical models of 2 Experiment Setup 2. Introduction and Targets Consider the axis-symmetric setup where the inner pressure is set to a constant value, which is different from the atmospheric pressure (fig. 1). The â€Å"Force† preventing from the piston to pop up and also causes the rubber seal (black) to be subjected to unsocial compression. Thus, the vertical length – originally ho – decreases to a controlled value h. Once deformed enough, the seal prevents leakage of air from the inside. Note that thanks to the upper airway the outer surface of the seal is subjected to the time measure. . 2. 1 Variables and their measuring methods p – with a computerized pressure gage installed as part of the cylinder.. Ho (free vertical dimension of the rubber sample) – with a microme ter h (current vertical dimension of a rubber sample) – using LIVED that track the displacement of the piston from its free force position. T (time)- by the computer clock. T (the temperature of the gasket or air) – with a thermocouple installed as a part of the cylinder. Only for additional data collecting proposes, not a controlled variable.The main target is to investigate the pressure vs.. Time p(t) profile. The seal's function, is to preserve the pressure difference p=P-Pa between the two gasket sides. We'd like to observe how the magnitude of the initial pressure difference and the controlled deformation influence on the profile. The mechanism of air leakage through the seal is yet to be determined but when diffusion is neglected one can presume that the air flows through the rebuttal interface. Our initial assumption is that air flows through narrow cracks-like interracial passages.The assumption about the diffusion arises from mineral notion about the character istic time of gas diffusion through rubber in various applications, which is much larger than these experiments periods (about 1000 seconds). For example, based on [4], the pressure drop in 1000 seconds via diffusion in an UN-defected aircraft tire having similar pressure difference is 0. 06% at most. There is extensive work on air flow through material cracks. 2. 2. 2 Important Technical Aspects See details in fig. 2 for the following considerations. Deformation needs to be assured.The force is actuated via a fine screw, enables measuring the vertical displacement with a LIVED and control he value to it with satisfying precision (10 microns). The purpose of the center ball is to transfer the pure vertical movement without rotational movement and torsion. Seal eccentricity: the experiment should be designed to assure closing force as uniform as possible, although it'll never be ideal, so it'll be wise to try centering the seal and avoid creating preferable air flow sites due to lack of symmetry in the compression field.In the following setup â€Å"hand tolerance† is satisfying. Starting the â€Å"stopwatch† (time measure): practically, the seal is influenced by the way the pressure and deformation are reached. To overcome this problem, the experiment should be done in a way assuring results independent from the initialization. Experiment was stopped when pressure changes are very small. 2. 2 Course of Experiment Preliminary experiments showed a continuous air flow and pressure drop all along the experiment. The general p(t) profile exhibited â€Å"exponential decay† type of behavior.We shall now briefly describe the experiment variables related issues such as the creation of p(t=O) and h , and the protocol of starting/stopping Force pa 2. 2. 3 The Experiment We measure p as a function of time, and determine owe p(t=O)= pop and h influence this profile. Observe fig. 2 for the actual setup. The first step is deforming the seal. Than, opening the main valve ( not in fig. 2), connected to the supply line, and building the pressure to a desired, stable value (waiting for stabilization is crucial). The secondary valve was then closed and p(t) was than monitored.Figure 1 – Schematic section of the experiment setup. The compressed air is colored with blue. -2- Screw ones on the surface) move finely due to compression and each strand remain attached to its original Junctions. The Junctions are getting closer ND dense and so are the strands in the bulk of the rubber gasket, which were dense enough already to prevent air flow. However, the surface isn't a mosaic of Junctions but more of a blend of Junctions and loose strands – strands connected only to one junction. Had the surface was a lattice of Junctions, the contact mechanic would have been similar to metal-on-metal mechanics.But this is not the case. Due to those loose strands, the surface only embedded with Junctions and between them – an entanglemen t of loose stands, rolled and smeared on the Junctions beneath them, preventing the creation f classic surface contact. In order to understand the air flow mechanism, let's observe hypothetically on a metal-on-metal sealing. Each metal plane has its own surface profile with peaks, valleys and defects where air can flow in and find its way out. The probability of perfect sealing – when one plan's peaks are pressed directly on the other plan's valleys – aspires to zero.Practically, the metal-metal interface always consist paths that the air can use for its escaping. We refer to that situation as â€Å"use of built in paths†. The reason behind the superiority of rebuttal sealing over the metal-metal one is he elasticity and compliance of the rubber. When pressed on the metal surface, the rubber's loose strands and even some of the Junctions and regular strands on the rubber surface fill the valleys of the metal. Since the strands are thin compared to the valley, th ey penetrate the â€Å"built in paths† and force (consider a thick bush in a flowing river).This is the idea behind â€Å"labyrinth† seal -forcing the air to flow in a complicated path in order to reduce pressure leakage. The magnitude of a rubber monomer is about 5 LIVED sail Piston Secondary Valve Figure 2 – the actual setup 2. 3 Preliminary results and Conclusions (t) profile was recorded for different initial pressure differences and rubber deformations. The parameters range is: pop=l [ATM] to 5[ATM], to -0. 2. Preliminary results showed that p(t) graphs were different considerably one form the other for the same initial conditions.It was concluded that the experiment is very sensitive to the rubber gaskets different surface profile over the different specimens. See fig. 4 for details. On the other hand, when repeating the experiment with the same gasket, as long as the experiment is not too long so the rubber won't behave differently due to service, we get similar graphs (fig. 3). Discussion 3. 1 Air Flow The proposed mechanically model of leakage is based on three phases. Phase I includes placing the rubber gasket and deforming it to the set value h. The process is described in figure 5. The polymer macrostructure is composed of strands and Junctions.According to untangled mechanical models [5], the Junctions (at least, the experiment #2,#7 experiment #2 pressure[ATM] 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Figure 3 – 4 experiments with ZEE%. The graphs are similar, with maximum of 0. 2[ATM] pressure difference. The difference is due to inability to reconstruct the same initial conditions and due to service effects. Oho 1 500 2000 time[sec] Figure 4 – pressure profiles in experiments #2, #7. pop?4. 1 EX-O. 148. -3- Aluminum Figure 5 – gasket compression process angstrom, and the strands are generally shorter than the average polymer length, each strand is formed maximum overall length about 5 micron.See [6] for more information about st rands length. However, this is not the end of the story. Recall that the rubber strands are rather flexible, given an energetic air Jet it might deform the strands, move them aside, and create a much more convenient path. Where it is practically impossible in metallic sealing, when rubber-metal is noninsured the air can create its own path and not use the â€Å"built in† paths by default. Of course, the strands are like springs – moving them aside require a transform of the air kinetic energy to potential spring energy.So we stay with this trade-off: creating convenient path where the friction loss is minimal, or maybe use the built in paths with significant friction loss but save the energy of the path creation. The answer will be given by the minimum energy principle. The reasonable assumption is when the pressure p is great, the air is energetic and prefer create a convenient path. As long as p decreases, the path becomes more and more curvy. When p is too small, we cannot talk about paths anymore since the air kinetic energy isn't high enough. Alternately, the air molecules start percolate on their way out (still in the interface, not in the bulk).Our model won't deal with that region. Only the regions with flow paths are in our interest. The latter discussion was proved qualitatively. An experiment assuring its results is in its design stages. Phase II of the experiment is the pressure buildup. We open the main valve, letting air to flow from the supply line to the cylinder. The supply line erasure is controlled and thus raising the pressure inside the cylinder. At this phase, air is pumped in and leaks out at the same time but the influx rate is much greater then the leakage rate.When the level of pressure reaches the desired one, and stables, the secondary valve is closed and phase Ill is being executed. In phase Ill, the air flows out through the two planes described in phase I in a manner described above. 3. 2 Rubber Gasket Behavior cyli nder, and that pressure acts on the already deformed gasket as it wants to expend it. Due to the normal forces, a friction force (FRR) avoiding the gasket from expending. Beneath is a figure showing the process form the rubber point of view using forces diagram on a vertical section.Let's assume a standard friction model. After a certain level of pressure is achieved, the friction force FRR reaches its maximum static magnitude, which means that the rubber is entering the dynamic friction stage. While the pressure continue to increase, the rubber starts increasing its average radius, so the radii difference – outer against inner – and the height are decreasing due to incompressibility. Notice that h does not change – the piston is fixed – but the expansion decreases the ignited of the friction force even more. When maximum p is achieved, phase Ill starts.The pressure begins to drop and the rubber enters the static fiction level again. The friction force co ntinues its decrease until finally it changes its direction and grows back to the dynamical level. Afterwards, the rubber begins to decrease its radius -4- until the maximum-static-level friction force is enough to hold the rubber gasket in place. It is more than possible that before releasing the piston, the final average radius is different than the initial. There is also the possibility of small p and a strong enough friction force that succeed in keeping the gasket in place all over the experiment phases.Important conclusion is that the volume which the air fills remains constant at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. That is, the contraction is happening at the middle of the experiment (if present). In order to check the validity of the previous speculative argument, a videotaped experiment was taken. There, one we can see how the rubber expends and contracts with the pressure (in [ATM] at the background), where the movement is in microscope (it was videotaped using a regular camera. The movement is absolutely seen to the naked eye).

Transformational and Transactional Leadership

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Transformational and Transactional Leadership Thomas J. Kenny CRJ-810 Dec 16, 2011 Many styles of leadership exist in the management world. Most of these approaches are very similar to one another. Two very different styles of leadership are the transactional and transformational leadership styles identified by James Burns in 1978. These leadership styles are almost polar opposites of one another, with employees in the transactional leadership style motivated by rewards and benefits, and employees in the transformational style motivated by their charismatic managers.These two leadership styles, though different from each another, can be very effective tools in the world of policing. Transactional leadership represents â€Å"those exchanges in which both the superior and the subordinate influence one another reciprocally so that each derives something of value. †(Yukl, 1981) This style of leadership can be compared to dangling a car rot in front of someone, or giving officers who write the most tickets steady weekends off. Leaders who use this style give their subordinates something they want in exchange for something that the leader wants.The reward system of leadership used by the transactional leader can also involve rewards or values that are not as easily tangible such as trust and respect. Burns(1978) referred to these values as modal values; â€Å"modal values bond leaders to followers in an attempt to actualize the needs of both parties. † These rewards such as trust and respect may still be given out by low level police supervisors who may not have the authority to give out overtime or authorize special days off.While transactional leadership is concerned with increasing production and motivation through a reward based system, transformational leadership is concerned with making the employee want to succeed. Bass & Steidlmeier (1998) describes this difference as: Transformational leadership is p redicated upon the inner dynamics of a freely embraced change of heart in the realm of core values and motivation, upon open-ended intellectual stimulation and a commitment to treating people as ends not mere means.To bring about change, authentic transformational leadership fosters the modal values of honesty, loyalty and fairness and the end values of justice, equality, and human rights. Transformational leadership contains four components: â€Å"idealized influence (attributed or behavioral),inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. † (Bass, 1985) These four components can be summed up as that of a charismatic leader. Employees will see the qualities of this charismatic leader and try to emulate them.Bass (1985) describes this emulation of charismatic leaders as: If the leadership is transformational, its charisma or idealized influence is envisioning, confident, and sets high standards for emulation. Its inspirational motivation provides followers with challenges and meaning for engaging in shared goals and undertakings. Its intellectual stimulation helps followers to question assumptions and to generate more creative solutions to problems. Its individualized consideration treats each follower as an individual and provides coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities.Transformational leadership can be very effective in the world of policing, where the leadership exists from the top down. Officers who work for a transformational leader in a police department must â€Å"understand the vision of the department’s direction, appreciate the organization’s potential, believe that the goal of improvement is supported by the entire organization, and support the idea that change is needed. † (Bynum, 2008) Transformational Leadership can be very effective due to the fact that its motivational and inspirational effects can be long lasting and felt by every employee in the organization.Transformati onal leadership encourages its members to be more proactive and more productive without any specific direction or a reward in mind other than that it benefit’s the organization as a whole. With transactional leadership, some of the rewards such as better hours or days off can only be enjoyed by a few of the members. A competition to see who can write the most summonses, with the winner getting better days off, may increase production at first.The benefit of weekends off can not be given to everyone though, and usually only those who receive the reward will continue to produce as much. Transformational leadership might have a difficult time succeeding in an organization such as the New York City Police Department. The NYPD was founded in 1845, and therefore is deeply rooted in traditions and norms. Even the most charismatic leader, brought into the NYPD to institute change and a new direction, is going to be met with extreme resistance.Police Officers, who can tend to be very reflexive at times, might not take well to the idea of being self starting, proactive, and productive for their department. This initial resistance by subordinates usually makes the transformational leadership approach a long term solution to a departments problems. Transformational leadership tends to be more effective that transactional leadership, due to the fact that most of the terms in the reward based system of transactional leadership are defined and tangible.The subordinate is expected to produce a certain amount in order to receive a benefit. This can tend to make the employee cease production once they have met the production requirement. Conversely in transformational leadership the employees are motivated not by a reward, but for the good of the organization as a whole. This motivation can lead employees in a transformational leader organization to produce much more than what is expected of them. The fact that the terms of a transactional leadership arrangement are tang ible also makes it effective for a short term production problem.A precinct with an influx of burglaries, might offer an extra day off to the next officer who makes a burglary arrest. While in the long run they would want the officer to always be vigilant for burglary arrests, the added benefit of a day off will have additional motivational effects. Transformational leadership is most often effective in organizations that have a need for change, or that have undergone a recent crisis. Transformational leaders tend to have uniting qualities, which can bring an organization out of mediocrity.Adolf Hitler, who was a tremendously charismatic transformational leader, was able to bring Germany back from the brink of total collapse and financial ruin that it was in following World War I. Transformational and transactional leadership can be two of the most effective styles of leadership in policing. By using the transformational leadership style, police managers can foster an group of proac tive and motivated police officers, who want to achieve greater results for the good of the team.By using the transactional leadership approach, they can achieve great results exchanging rewards and benefits with subordinates for increased production. Using a combination of these two approaches to police leadership should lead to great success. References Bass, B. , & Steidlmeier, P. (1998). Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership. Vanguard. edu. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from www. vanguard. edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/RHeuser/ETHICS,%20MORAL%20CHARACTER%20AND%20AUTHENTIC%20TRANSFORMATIONAL%20LEADERSHIP. df Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press ;. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Bynum, R. (2008). Transformational Leadership and Staff Training in the Law Enforcement Profession. The Police Chief. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from www. policechiefmagazine. org/magazine/index. cfm? fuseacti on=display_arch&article_id=1422&issue_id=22008 Yukl, G. A. (1981). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall.

Learn How to Use the French Preposition Par

Learn How to Use the French Preposition Par The French preposition par means through, by, or per in English. It is used to indicate the manner in which something is done, the reason behind an event, the direction something moves, or the amount of something per some unit of measurement. In everyday conversation, you might use par when giving directions to someone or to describe how an event occurred. Examples of Par Je suis sortie par la porte.I left through/by the door.Jai appris la verità © par hasard.I learned the truth by accident.Il la obtenu par la force.He obtained it by force.Je lai envoyà © par la poste.I sent it through the mail.Il a jetà © les dà ©chets par la fenà ªtre.He threw the garbage though/out the window.Il gagne 500 euros par semaine.He earns 500 euros per week.Par is often used to introduce the agent in the passive voice:Ce livre, à ©crit par Voltaire...This book, written by Voltaire...La tasse a à ©tà © cassà ©e par un chien.The cup was broken by a dog. Verbs With Par As with prepositions in English, there are some instances when a verb will also require using par in sentence construction. Some of the most common French verbs are: arriver  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to succeed through/bycommencer  par  Ã‚  infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  to  begin by ___-ingfaire  par  (la pitià ©,  lamour)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to do out of (pity, love)finir  par   infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  to end up ___-ing / to finally do somethinghabiter  par  ici  Ã‚  Ã‚  to live around herejurer  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to swear byobtenir  quelque  chose par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to obtain something byprendre  quelquun  par  (la main)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to take someone by (the hand)ressembler  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to resemble due tosortir  par  (la fenà ªtre)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to leave by (the window)venir  par  (la cà ´te)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to come along/by (the coast)