The Whistleblower Protection Act Essay Example for Free

The Whistleblower apology coiffe EssayThe Whistleblower Protection Act was intentional to provide legal safety measures to individuals occupying positions in the national governance who reveal questionable and unlawful operations within the regime agencies. The Act thus shelters the employee that has unwrap the information so that he entrust remain protected from each biased cloakions that whitethorn be executed by his top-notchs in that particular politics agency. This security department is a special precautionary measure that is well compensated in order to maintain the employee status of truthfully give notice (of)ing the illegal activities that should be investigated by the governance. The Whistleblower Protection Act was drafted to include four approaches to activate protection as a whistleblower. Firstly, the employee who wishes to disclose a questionable operation of some other member of the government agency may file an appeal to the Merit Systems Protecti on Board of his particular agency. Another approach may be to pass for the protection from the special counsel of the government agency.Protection may besides be requested through the appeal for individual protection per se. An employee may also request for whistleblower protection through grievance procedures, wherein the employee reports the grievances and hardships he experiences after he discloses information regarding the illegal operations that he has observed within the government agency. The Whistleblower Protection Act was c atomic number 18fully designed so that not every employee that reports an incident will be immediately protected based on the features of the Act. Such careful implementation of the protection act was established because it is important that only deserving individuals are provided with the protection that is needed and not tout ensemble individuals who declare their concern over an activity will be safeguarded from either associated reactions that may be given by the employee that is being reported (Wilmot, 2000).The Whistleblower Protection Act is on that pointfore established to proceed initially with an investigation regarding the disclosure that was submitted by an employee. In addition, the disclosure should be properly endorsed by the head of the office where the employee is on the job(p) for. Should this endorsement be absent, the Whistleblower Protection Act will not be implemented. The present Whistleblower Protection Act is thus available to all federal employees, both those in active duty and those who have retired or resigned, and even those employees who are in the higher positions. A few positions in the federal government, such(prenominal) as those involved in making agency policies, are not covered by the Whistleblower Protection Act, as well as those employees working at the postal office and the Central Intelligence Agency. The employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are also not provided with th e features of the Whistleblower Protection Act. A revelation that is presented by an employee should be evaluated to be of substantial information that is well-proven to positively violate the laws and policies of the government agency. Any violation may be associated with the wrongful management of the government agency or a substantial squandering of government funds. In addition, any misuse of an official of his powers over the government agency may also be considered as disclose information by which may activate the Whistleblower Protection Act and be implemented to protect the employee that has disclosed the violation.Other issues that are deemed worthy of activating the protection act may include any information that may cause harm to the general public, such as safety and sickness. Once the disclosure has been submitted by the concerned employee to his supervisor, this report should be submitted to the head of the government agency. As soon as this disclosure report is sub mitted to the head of the government agency, the Whistleblower Protection Act should be discussed with the employee who has reported the violation of some other employee. The features of the protection act should be comprehensively explained so that the employee will understand how the protection act works. The Whistleblower Protection Act was also designed in order to amend an earlier act which was known as the Civil Service Reform Act. The amendment was based on the modification of the term disclosure in the older reform act and this was replaced by the newer protection act that pertains to any type of report so that employees may have the liberty to report any misuse and abuse of authority within the government agency. The protection act was also devised to prevent any forms of hindrance that would inhibit the employee from his disclosure of the information he knows with regards to the illegal activities that he observes within the government agency. There are only a very few ca ses wherein the Whistleblower Protection Act was not provided to an employee who, after thorough investigation by the appropriate surveil of the government agency, has discovered that the disclosure that the employee was submitting was based on his goal of acquiring personal gain and benefit. It is thus important that a meticulous and detailed investigation of the disclosure be performed first before any other measure is performed. Should the criticism committee find that the disclosure of the employee does not serve any beneficial use of goods and services but for the employees personal gain alone, subsequent actions and the corresponding implementation of the Whistleblower Protection Act will not be exercised. The Whistleblower Protection Act has also experienced a few issues with regards to the technicalities of its design and implementation. One of the most reviewed and discussed technical issue about the protection act is the phrase any disclosure. The word any was intention ally included in the definitions of the protection act in order to include all forms of reports and does not prematurely filter any disclosures and this has been designed in order to collect as much reports as may be submitted. The selection and review of the reports are thus handled by the review committee which is mandated to thoroughly study all reports and disclosures that are submitted to them. The main basis for identification of a valuable disclosure that is submitted by an employee is the fact that the disclosure shows frank certainty that a mismanagement or abuse of authority or operation is occurring within the government agency.Equitable certainty of the disclosed information is in the main based on the good faith that is shown by the employee reporting the incident. The Whistleblower Protection Act is also designed wherein an employee may report to any of his superior officials within the government agency, allowing freedom for the employee to report the information he carries with trust and confidentiality. It should be understood that the Whistleblower Protection Act will only be implemented if the employee is reporting a specific gross mismanagement or misuse of authority by another individual in the government agency. Should the review committee find that the employee is only disclosing an insignificant amount of questionable activities, the review committee will then provide ample time for the employee to gather more(prenominal) information about the other employee being reported and at the same time will monitor the actions being executed by the employee being reported.Should there be a new additional report regarding the questionable employee, the disclosing employee will immediately be given protection from any probable harm that he may experience during his occupation at the government agency. The information being disclosed will also be made confidential within the government agency because this secured information will affect the cond ition of the employee within his workplace (White, 2006).Protection to the employee may include the prevention of any actions that are associated with his position, including any reassignment to another office, termination and even promotion to a higher position. Such changes in the position of the employee who has disclosed any information on the mismanagement or misuse of another employee is thus unlawful and should be protected by the Whistleblower Protection Act.ReferencesWhite SM (2006) Confidentiality, no blame culture and whistleblowing, non-physician practice and accountability. best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 20(4)525-43.Wilmot S (2000) Nurses and whistleblowing The ethical issues. J. Adv. Nurs. 32(5)1051-7.

Someone Special Essay Example for Free

Someone Special EssayThose who truly know us for who we really are are the people that micturate the most influence in our lives, such as our parents. In my case it is my mother who has greatly impacted my living. She has stood beside me through thick and thin. I know that as long as she is here on this earth, she will stand beside me to love and support me unconditionally as she has done all these years. It is because of her that I am the person I am today. Behind my choices, character, my values, and behind me, proudly stands my mother.All throughout my childhood I have been closer to my mom than I am to my father. She has been an amazing friend to me, but an even better parental figure. Laying down the rules for me and establishing boundaries when needed. It is the love and respect I have for my mother that I am cautious of the choices I make. I cherish her approval and fear of her disappointment. I feel confident that all the life lesions she has taught me and the advice she gives me, will continue to shape my standards and values in life.My mother raised my brother and I the way my grandmother raised her. I have been taught that honesty, integrity, clayey action, and respect should be constituted into daily living, and to get what we want in life, we have to earn it.Read moreWho is your admired person essayAlthough I wasnt brought up in a life of splendor, I acknowledge that I live a comfortable lifestyle due to the hard work and effort my mother put into her life. Her perseverance is an example I want to follow. Coming from a large family with very little education and financial resources, she choke away from home with one goal in mind, and that was to make a better way of life for us. And that she did. With that, she was able to provide my brother and I the luxuries that others didnt have. For that I am extremely grateful for.Now that I am old enough to understand that my mother was able to overcome adversity, and accomplish all(prenominal)t hing she has, inspires my every day to make myself a better person. I greatly admire her strength and strong will, and I am extremely proud to be her son. And in my mothers words, one of her favorite quotes is we only get one chance to live our lives, so it is up to us to take what we have and move forward in life. Our future is not set in stone we create the path of our own destiny.

Impacts of Technology on Civil Liberties

Impacts of Technology on genteel LibertiesThe Impact of the hugespread Use of nurture and Communication Technologies on courteous LibertiesAbstractAdvances in information and discourse technologies direct presented sassy opportunities and problems for the clubhouse. The opportunities that accommodate be surface obvious with regard to the application of these technologies include meeting the changing demands of the common for enhanced service deli real, an ability to communicate instantaneously over ample distances and being able to store or retrieve vast amounts of information as strong as being able to interact with a large number of individual(a)s or organisations by providing them with information over the internet etc. How of all time, these juvenile developments often leave the public sector actors confused because they argon often bound by legacy values and outdated socio economic morality. As classless societies debate the ethics of the new-fashioned situatio n with which they have been confronted, a potential exists for the occurrence of a large number of cases involving a serious misunderstanding of computers and computer based communication with implications for wellhead-bred liberties in a golf-club. Such misunderstandings underside mean that a large number of individuals may have their secretiveness encroached upon, their figuring equipment seized and their lives hampered for no real reason. Although government activitys do have a duty to ensure that various actors are non indulging in activities that are harmful to the society as a whole or to members of a society, it is as well as important that innocent individuals are non maligned. Information and communication technologies have placed an awe-inspiring power in the hands of those who have the imagination to dream up new uses for such technologies and lawmakers have to some how balance the rights of the individuals and those of the society as a whole. This brief essa y takes a look at some of the implications of the widespread use of information and communications technologies on well-behaved liberties.Contents (Jump to)IntroductionAdvances in Technology Provide a widelyr Range of Options on Civil LibertiesConclusionsBibliography/ReferencesIntroductionCivil liberties refer to the exemptions that are enjoyed by the citizens of a state without interference from governments. Examples of courtly liberties include freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to privacy, right to self defence and the right of due process in law as well as the right to a fair trial by a competent court (Wikipedia, 2006, Civil Liberties). The previously mentioned freedoms and rights are usually granted to citizens by virtue of legal enactments that have been written into the laws of a country, including its constitution. The constitutions of various states provide a varying degree of emphasis to civil liberties that can be enjoyed by citizens, but nearly all countries of the world today do offer some degree of security system against interference by a government or others in the lives of a private citizen. As an example, the Australian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, the South Korean Constitution requires that the government protect the privacy as well as dignity of its citizens and the Constitution of the United States of America, by dint of the first ten amendments that are called the Bill of Rights, requires that the government guarantee freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religious worship, the right to bear arms, prevent search and seizure without just cause, cruel and unusual punishment and self incrimination as well as ensuring that a citizen is provided the rights to due process and a fair trial by an impartial jury. Any powers related to civil liberties or human rights that have not been explicitly granted to the Federal government in the United States Constitution are reserved by the citizens or the States of the Union. Although the United Kingdom lacks a systematise constitution, this country along with more European countries are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights, which stipulates the standards related to civil liberties and human rights in European countries that are signatory to this instrument. The Human Rights Act of the United Kingdom has been the vehicle for incorporation of many of the European Convention rights into United Kingdom law (Answers.com, 2006, Civil Liberties). Thus, many counties around the world have laws that extend guarantees associated with civil liberties to its citizens.Proliferation of computers, information engine room and communications in the present pervasive computing age has make it truly convenient to maintain records related to persons and to indulge in surveillance as well as identification of individuals. Maintaining elaborated records about all aspects of an individuals privat e life, rapid searching and retrieval of information related to an individual, tapping of phone conversations and identification of suspicious communications from keywords as well as relatively goof-proof identification of individuals from fingerprints or other biometric signatures such as dental records, DNA or the unique patterns of the iris and the transmission of very detailed records over vast distances in an instant are now quite possible (Akdeniz, 2001, Pp. 1 10), (Ashbourn, 2006, Pp. 1 20) and (Hassan, 2004, Pp. 1 7). It is, therefore, possible for a state or other vested interests to sully and abuse or try to take advantage of individuals as well as to deny them opportunities or to malign them in many ways through the power of information that can be manipulated by technology.This brief essay takes a look at the impact of the widespread use of information and communication technologies on civil liberties in a society.Advances in Technology Provide a Wider Range of Opti ons on Civil LibertiesWhereas the menace of international terror and the activities associated with unionised crime have meant that governments do have a duty to be vigilant about the safety and security of its citizens and the nation, it is also important that a state, its functionaries or other powerful or mischievous interests in a society desist, or be prevented from undue interference in the private activities of an individual (Greenberg, 2004, Pp. one hundred sixty-five 168). Such interference may have an appeal for many who may want to try and take undue advantage of information about a citizen that can be readily gathered, stored, transmitted and analysed using the new information and communication technologies. However, technology not only provides a potential for abuse, but it also provides benefits and enhanced safety for all in a society (Campbell, 1998, The Social Impact of New Communications Technologies). Thus, the advent of technology has given a society and indi vidual members of a society a greater power and a lot more options about what can be done to gather detailed information about an individual and to use such information in a number of ways by making it known to others. However, protecting civil liberties requires that such powers be control conditionled and that the collection or release of information about individuals be restrained, unless sanctioned by competent and responsible members of a society in the wider interests of other members of the society, so that an individual is not unduly disadvantaged, threatened, abused or taken advantage of by the state or other vested interests in the society. The protection of civil liberties is essential for the evolution and development of an individuals personality as well as for the protection of any advantages that may have been made available to an individual through their ingenuity, hard work, force of circumstance, manipulations by nature or as a result of a gift from the Divine (T abata, 2006, Pp. 10 20 and 79 80), (De Boni, 2001, Pp. 1 3) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7). However, it is equally important to safeguard the interests of all members of a society so that the activities of individuals or a group of individuals do not have a destructive impact on others (Lau, 2002, Pp. 1 3). Technology has, therefore, provided a greater number of options to a society about the values that it may want to maintain.It is obvious that advances in technology do make it possible for the government of a nation, or other vested interests, such as private telecom companies or ISP providers etc, to take advantage of these advances in order to either liberate or to oppress the masses. Thus, the society is presented with choices and depending on what the interested powers want, a balance is struck between what may amount to oppression and what may be considered to be the legitimate authority of the state or others to protect their interests. Debates about civil liberties have a lways been carried out in democratic societies, even though such debates may have been discouraged or censored in the more bossy countries (American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, 2000, Letter to the Senate on code to Increase Law Enforcement Electronic Surveillance). The more advanced nations have attempted to promote universal standards associated with civil liberties and human rights, but despite such efforts, what is acceptable as public law varies from one country to the other (Statewatch, 2006, Current Lead Stories). A compulsive regime in a third world country will not feel any remorse about using all the technology at its disposal to neutralise its opponents or to repress the masses. However, in the more developed world, civil rights groups, public interest groups, the judiciary, business interests and various branches of the government come to some sort of an agreement about how the civil liberties of citizens ought to be protected and what can be considered to be acceptab le conduct on the part of the government and other interests. Certainly, the widespread use of information and communications technologies has provided greater opportunities to abuse the civil rights of individuals (Taylor, 2001, The Council of Europe Cyber crime Convention a civil liberties perspective). However, the previously mentioned technologies can also be used to safeguard civil liberties, educate the masses and provide better service to the community.In the United Kingdom, a very substantial increase in the number of phone tapping warrants has been discovered in recent years and although this can be attributed to the war against world(prenominal) terrorism and nonionised crime, it has to be appreciated that no one can intercept private communications in the United Kingdom without a judicial warrant (Akdinez, 2001, Pp. 1 5). Disclosure of any data that is considered to be private is also an offence against the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Although the use of covert human intelligence gathering about suspects is not illegal under the previously mentioned Act, such activities can be challenged under the Human Rights Act. Thus, the British and European societies in general have placed a reasonably high value on the protection of civil liberties and human rights in matters that are associated with the proliferation of information and communication technologies. In the lesser developed nations, such high standards are less likely to be maintained (Waters, 1997, Telecommunications interception extending the reach or maintaining the status quo?). Surveillance is not just trammel to law enforcement authorities, but in the United States such activities may also be carried out by an employer or others with a vested interest, without the consent of an employee or the individual ( subject area Science Foundation, 1998, retirement Issues) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7).Apart from an enhanced threat of surveillance or monitoring and threats to an i ndividuals privacy, advances in technology have also produced new problems related to what can be done to prevent interested parties from violating the human rights of others. The awesome power of the internet makes it possible to libel anyone anonymously by constitution messages about them as web content. Also, any information that ever makes it to the web can be readily copied and distributed all over the world (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2006, yield Speech). In addition to activities that are designed to bring persons into disrepute, it is also necessary to control the so called investment companies, online gambling websites and the High Yield investing Pools that seem to regularly rip off individuals by tantalising them with huge returns on their investment of E-Gold or other similar electronic currency (Pokerpulse.com, 2006, meshwork gambling and the Patriot Act). Despite warnings about financial scams that are posted on law enforcement websites by governments of the so called developed world, it appears that the regulators of the World Wide Web have little interest in ensuring that any web content is not fraudulent. It also appears that law enforcement agencies, even in the developed countries, are unable or unwilling to locate financial scam websites despite these being registered by authorised web registrants (Goldpoll.com, 2006, HYIP Ratings). Not a single HYIP has ever delivered anything resembling the investment that an unsuspecting individual makes as a payback, yet these websites are operating with great impunity under the very noses of the global law enforcement agencies and regulators of the World Wide Web. Surely, civil liberties which include freedom of speech and freedom to engage in commerce do not extend to activities that are harmful to other members of the community. However, it has been observed that governments of the great democratic nations are willing to do precious little to regulate financial scams on the web, even though they have tried to control what can be posted on the web (Center for Democracy and Technology, 2006, Reports and Articles CDT Sends Letter Opposing Mandatory Labelling). Thus, many new problems with a potential to damage members of a society by persons or groups with a vested interest have been created by advances in information and communication technologies. Although issues related to these new problems are being debated inwardly societies and legislation is being gradually introduced to regulate new technologies, the process seems to be too slow and cumbersome to protect many who have already been victimised. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web and the global reach of information and communication technologies, global cooperation is essential to regulate these new technologies in an ethical mode (Brosseau, 2002, Pp. 24 32). However, despite a dire indispensableness for cooperation, practical results have been exceedingly slow in materialising.ConclusionsFrom the previous discussion it can be reason out that the widespread use of information and communication technologies has created new opportunities as well as new dangers for the protection of civil liberties and human rights. Technology offers power which can be used to do good or to do evil and societies around the world are grappling with the issues of just how to balance civil liberties in relation to protecting the broader interests of the society at large and those of its other members. Different countries have drawn different lines in the air, but a great need exists for a global understanding of the issues involved and some sort of a global cooperation to regulate these new technologies with a global reach.Bibliography / ReferencesAkdeniz, Yaman et al. 2001. BigBrother.gov.uk State surveillance in the age of information and rights. reprehensible Law Review, (February, 2001), pp. 73-90. Retrieved imposing 4, 2006. From http//www.cyber-rights.org/documents/crimlr.pdfAkdeniz, Y aman. 1997. First Report on UK Encryption constitution. Cyber-Rights Cyber-Liberties (UK). Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.cyber-rights.org/crypto/ukdtirep.htmAmerican Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. 2000. Letter to the Senate on Legislation to Increase Law Enforcement Electronic Surveillance, Civil Asset Forfeiture, Prosecution of Juveniles in Federal Court, and to Make the Use of Encryption a Grounds for Enhancing a Criminal Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.aclu.org/natsec/spying/14380leg20001010.htmlAndersson, Helena et al. 2002. Survey of Privacy and Information Technology. SATIS, Sweden. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//bscw.sics.se/pub/bscw.cgi/d172149/Survey%20of%20Privacy%20and%20Information%20Technology.pdfAndonova, Veneta. 2004. Communication Technologies Commercial Adoption and institutional Environment. Universitat Pompeau Fabra. Retrieved 2004. From http//www.tdx.cesca.es/TESIS_UPF/AVAILABLE/TDX-0127105- 103146/tvsa1de1.pdfAnswers.com. 2006. Civil Liberties. Answers.com. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.answers.com/topic/civil-libertiesAshbourn, Julian. 2006. The Societal Implications of the Wide Scale Introduction of Biometrics and Identity Management. Euroscience Open Forum. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jul/biometrics-and-identity-management.pdfBergstrom, Ann M. 2005. THE USA patriot ACT AND CIVIL LIBERTIES THE MEDIAS RESPONSE. West Virginia University. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//kitkat.wvu.edu8080/files/4333/Bergstrom_M_Ann_thesis.pdfBillings, P. R. 1992, DNA on trial genetic identification and criminal justice Plainview, N.Y. Cold Spring declare Laboratory Press.Brosseau, Eric. 2002. Internet Regulation Does Self-Regulation Require an Institutional Framework? University of Paris X. Retrieved August 6, 2006. From http//www.druid.dk/conferences/summer2002/Papers/Brousseau.pdfCampbell, Anne. 1998. The Social Impact of the Inf ormation Revolution. Institute for Learning and search Technology, University of Bristol. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.sosig.ac.uk/iriss/papers/key1.htmCastells, M. 2002, The Internet galaxy reflections on the Internet, business, and society Oxford New York Oxford University Press.Cavoukian, Anne et al. 2004. Tag, Youre It Privacy Implications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology. Privacy Commissioner, Ontario. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.ipc.on.ca/scripts/index_.asp? legal action=31P_ID=15007N_ID=1PT_ID=11351U_ID=0Center for Democracy and Technology. 2006. Reports and Articles. Center for Democracy and Technology. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.cdt.org/publications/articles.phpCivil Liberties Union of the Philippines. Policy Studies Group 1984, Technology as an instrument of domination Quezon City, Philippines Policy Studies Group, Civil Liberties Union.Clutterbuck, R. 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Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1983, Technologies of freedom Cambridge, Mass. London Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Rosenzweig, Paul et al. 2004. Biometric Technologies Security, Legal, and Policy Implications. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//new.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/lm12.cfmRowe, B. C., Workshop on the Data Bank Society (, A llen and Unwin, Allen and Unwin Limited, National Computing Centre 1972, Privacy, computers and you Manchester National Computing Centre.Ryu, Taesam. 2003. The Impact of Cryptographic Policies and Standards. George Mason University. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.noisetoknowledge.com/_Guest_Essays/The%20Impact%20of%20Cryptographic%20Policies%20and%20Standards.pdfScott, Sheridan and Elder, David. 2002. Changing Communications Regulations in the Information Age. Carleton University, Canada. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.carleton.ca/ctpl/pdf/conferences/scott.pdfStatewatch. 2006. Lead Stories. Statewatch. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.statewatch.org/Tabata, Alexis. 2006. Reevaluating Bushs war on Terror Why Human Rights and Civil Liberties are Essential Tools for and not Obstacles to Security. Harvard College. Retrieved August 6, 2006. From http//thesis.haverford.edu/169/01/2006TabataA.pdfTamara, Dinev et al. 2005. Internet Users Privacy Concerns and A ttitudes towards Government Surveillance An Exploratory Study of Cross-Cultural Differences between Italy and the United States. 18th Bled eConference. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//wise.fau.edu/tdinev/publications/Bled-final.pdfTaylor, Greg. 2001. The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention a civil liberties perspective. Privacy Law and Policy Reporter. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/PLPR/2001/35.htmlUK Government. 2004. Cyber corporate trust and Crime Prevention Foresight. UK Government. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.foresight.gov.uk/Previous_Projects/Cyber_Trust_and_Crime_Prevention/Project_Process/website_slides.pptWaters, Nigel. 1997. Telecommunications interception extending the reach or maintaining the status quo? Privacy Law and Policy Reporter. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From http//www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/PLPR/1997/60.htmlWeimann, G. 2006, Terror on the Internet the new arena, the new challenges Washington, D.C. United States Institute of Peace Press.Wikipedia. 2006. Civil Liberties. Wikipedia. Retrieved August 4, 2006. From

Cognitiveâ€behavioural Syndromes of Neglect and Anosognosia

Cognitivebehavioural Syndromes of Neglect and AnosognosiaConsidering the neuropsychological diseases discussed during the course, critically comp be and discuss hypothetic interpretations of at least 2 syndromes instinct is one of the most interesting phenomena of the human mind. Consciousness refers to the integration of the cognitive experiences about ego and the external environment (Orfei et al., 2007). However, when this psychological function is rail atd, it may pass along to disfunctions in the aid and cognizance of personal identity. The focus of the following essay is to come through incursion into why the cognitivebehavioural syndromes of degenerate and anosognosia for hemiplegia that occur following the right wayfield hemisphere separatrix develop, and to evaluate to what expiration this is true, taking into consideration their a priori interpretations.Anosognosia has been defined by Babinsky (1914) as an impairment leading to unawareness of neurological a nd cognitive deficits following a adept injury. Individuals who suffer from anosognosia present with locomote impairments which lead to gait and self-care deficits and are unaware of their impairments in functioning (Kortte Hillis, 2010). The syndrome of anosognosia often co-occurs with visuo-spacial neglect (Prigatano et al., 2011). Heilman, Watson and Valenstein (1994) defined neglect as a deterioration in precaution towards or in response to a stimuli, which is not attribut equal to(p) to a push back or sensory impairment. Neglect is presented as a spectrum, with a variety of forms ground on the regions of the lesion, the mode of outputs, reference frame and the sensory modality (Hillis Caramazza, 1995).Alongside their co-occurrence, anosognosia and neglect also overlap in terms of lesion sites, to be more unique(predicate), the right temporo-parietal junction, the superior and middle temporal gyri and the right insula (Beschin, Cocchini, Allen Della Sala, 2012). The lesi on in the right temporo-parietal junction is extremely important in mechanisms of selective attention. More recent neuroimaging studies have recommended that split of the parietal and temporal lens cortex are creating a supramodal structure that interposes goal-directed attention in multiple sensory modalities (Chambers, Stokes Mattingley, 2004). Furthermore, neuroimaging studies show that the insula is very important in self-awareness and in ones convictions about the functioning of their body separate (Karnath, Baier Nagele, 2005).Taking these in consideration, a lesion in these areas will lead to a dysfunction in directional attention towards a specific stimulus and about their beliefs of body parts functioning, therefore affecting the motor system.The two theoretical interpretations that deliver a link mingled with anosognosia and neglect, taking in consideration the dysfunctions presented earlier, are the attentional interpretation simulation for neglect and the feed-f orward illustration for anosognosia.The attentional interpretation model is a model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993) which states that each hemisphere is provided with its own attentional neurological system, with the attentional system in the right hemisphere directing attention towards both sides of the visual field, whereas the attentional system in the remaining hemisphere directing attention merely towards the right visual field. Therefore, if there is a damage to the go away hemisphere, there wont be a severe right neglect, whereas if there is a lesion to the right hemisphere, the diligent will be ineffective to direct his/hers attention to the left visual field (Bisiach et al., 1998).Corbetta et al. (1993) conducted a PET study on 24 healthy volunteers in order to identify what are the neural systems involved in changing spatial attention towards a visual stimulus in the right or left visual field. Results showed that the right parietal cortex was activated when the pa rticipant was required to shift their attention in each visual field, whereas the left parietal lobe was active only when the participants had to diverseness their attention to the right visual field. These finding suggest that the parietal and frontal regions control different aspects of special selection and also support the model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993).However, the attentional interpretation model cannot rate for the dysfunctions in the motor system on its own. Therefore, we have to also take in consideration the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the guiding hypokenisia. The attentional-arousal hypothesis suggests that neglect is predominantly a form of inattention emerging from the failure of triggering arousal that is needed to activate the neuronal systems necessary for spatial attention (Heilman Valenstien, 1972 Watson et al., 1973, 1974). Furthermore, the attentional hypothesis appears to be in close connection with the motor intention, since when one is direc ting his/hers attention towards a specific location, one is also plant to perform an action in that direction (Heilman Valenstien, 2003).Directional hypokenisia suggests that patients who suffer from neglect are reluctant in initiating movements towards the contralesional side. Moreover, even when patients are directing attention towards the omit side and have imposed on them a strategy, their performance not only remained abnormal, but it doesnt improve (Heilman Valenstien, 1979).In a study conducted by Heilman and Valenties (1979), six patients with neglect were asked to identify a letter that was presented either to the left or right at the end of a line, before bisecting it. The task include lines that were placed at either the left of the body midline, the right, or the centre. Results showed that participants performed significantly better when the line was placed to the right side of the body rather than the left side. These results suggest that the neglect syndrome is a defect in the orienting response. Heilman and Valenstien (1979) suggested that this response appears in anticipation of an action, using the increased arousal to lower the sensory threshold. Therefore, lesions induce neglect are affecting the arousal (as previously mentioned via the attentional-arousal hypothesis), leading to the inability of the hemisphere to prepare for the action.Based on the same dysfunction of the computational model of motor control is the feed-forward model for anosognosia. More recent theories established on the recent computational models of motor control proposed by Frith et al. (2000), suggest that anosognosia results from an abnormality in motor planning. This theory suggests that, under normal circumstances, in order to develop the intention to move, forward models are being used in order to arrest accurate indicators about the approaching sensory feedback. However, if an intended movement is not executed as planned, than a comparator will detect a di screpancy between what it was predicted and the absence of sensory feedback. Therefore, this error can be used to inform the motor system of a malfunction. Furthermore, Heilman and colleagues (1998) proposed that anosognosia is a motor intentional deficit which appears from a failure to form motor intentions. Therefore, if the development of an intention to move is deficient, then the comparator doesnt receive any instructions about the outline of the movement and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, although no movement has taken place (Gold et. al, 1994).Fotopoulou et al. (2008) conducted a study in which they investigated the role of motor intention in anosognosic patients compared to non-anosognosic patients by detecting whether the anosognosic patients were able to identify the presence or absence of movement focusing only in the visual evidence. False visual feedback of movement in the left paralysed offshoot was used on four hemiplegic with and four wit hout anosognosic patients. This false visual feedback was delivered using a prosthetic rubber hand. Results showed that patients with anosognosia were more likely than patients without anosognosia to ignore the visual feedback and regard that they moved they hand if there was an intention to move the hand (in the self-generated condition) than when the experimenter moved the rubber hand or when there was no movement. These results support that anosognosia reflects a dominance of motor intention prior to action over the sensory information received by and by the movement was made (Fotopoulou et al., 2008).Although the studies presented above do provide a lot of insight in the computational model of awareness and provide an explanation of why these disorders have symptoms such as dysfunctions in directing attention towards a specific stimulus and also about their beliefs of body parts functioning, there are a few limitations to whether these theoretical interpretations can account b y their one for the two syndromes.Firstly, although they may co-occur, anosognosia and neglect have also been observed separately. Cocchini, et al. (2009) investigated whether anosognosic patients present with unawareness in a group of 42 left hemisphere damaged patients, using a structured interview and the optical-Analogue Test for Anosognosia for Motor Impairment (Della Sala, Cocchini, Beschin Cameron, in press). Their results showed that eight anosognosic patients and another twelve patients who were aware of their motor impairments didnt showed signs of neglect. These results confirm that anosognosia couldnt be thought of always co-occurring with neglect. Secondly, these results also suggest that there is a pronged dissociation between anosognosia and neglect (Bisiach et al., 1986).Dauriac-Le Masson et al. (2002) investigated this double dissociation by looking at two patients with a subacute right hemisphere stroke. Their investigation revealed that one of the patients suffe red from a severe left hemiplegia which was associated with unilateral neglect and he showed signs of being aware of his motor impairment, whereas the second patient showed a severe anosognosia for hemiplegia, therefore with unawareness towards his motor impairment. These results suggest that although these two syndromes co-occur, they may rely on independent mechanisms because of their double dissociation.And lastly, both anosognosia and neglect are multifaceted processes (Marcel et al., 2004) and only the dysfunction in the computational model of motor control cannot account for all the symptoms of these two syndromes. To be more specific, even when patients who suffer from neglect and anosognosia are aware of their deficits, they excuse deny them.House and Hodges (1988) lucubrate the case of an 89-year-old woman who suffered left-side paralysis aft(prenominal) a right-hemisphere stroke. Although the experimenters demonstrated that her left arm was completely paralysed and her leg nearly paralysed, she failed to understand the severity of her condition and believed that she could still look after herself and walk, although she was in a wheelchair. Furthermore, Marcel et al. (2004) also described the case of several patients who although they were aware of their paralysed limbs, they still overestimated their abilities and believed they can perform bi-manual activities such as clapping their hands or tying a knot. These patients provide examples of another theory of anosognosia, the motivational theory which the patient denies his/hers deficit in order to state unharmed his/hers psychological balance (Weinstein Kahn, 1955 Weinstein, 1991).In conclusion, the focus of the essay was to provide insight into why the cognitivebehavioural syndromes of neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia occur, and to evaluate to what extent this was true, by paying attention to their theoretical interpretations. As stated before, due to the lesions to the tempo-parietal regi on, the gyrus and insula there are dysfunctions in attention and beliefs about body parts functionality. The attentional intention model for neglect (together with the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the directional hypokenisia) and the feed-forward model for anosognosia provide a satisfactory explanation for these deficits by suggesting that there is a dysfunction in the motor system. For the neglect patients the lesions affect the arousal which leads to the inability to prepare them for action. For the anosognosic patients the lesions lead to a failure to form motor intentions, to be more specific if the intention to move is impaired , then the comparator doesnt receive instructions about the planned action and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, even if that didnt happen.However, these theoretical interpretations of dysfunctions in motor control cannot account on their own for all the symptoms of neglect and anosognosia. Previous literature suggests that although the incidence of co-occurrence is high, there are cases where anosognosia and neglect appear independently and present double dissociations. Furthermore, as proposed by Marcel et al. (2004) both syndromes are multifaceted syndromes and it cant be possible that only one theoretical interpretation can account for these.In conclusion, both anosognosia and neglect are very interesting phenomena which have captured the attention of many researches, provided fundamental issues of theoretical interpretations have not still been answered.ReferencesBabinski J. (1914) Contribution a letude de troubles mentaux dans lhemiplegie organique cerebrale. Revue Neurologique 27, 845847.Beschin, N., Cocchini, G., Allen, R., Della Sala, S. (2012). disassociation between anosognosia and neglect demonstrated by mean of a treatment response bias. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22(4), 550-562.Bisiach,E.,Vallar,G.,Perani,D.,Papagno,C.,Berti,A (1986).Unawareness of disease following lesions of t he right hemisphere anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia.Neuropsychologia, 24, 471-482.Bisiach, E., Ricci, R., Modona, M.N. (1998). Visual Awareness and Anisometry of Space Representation in Unilateral Neglect A Panoramic Investigation by Means of a Line Extension Task. Consciousness and Cognition, 7(3), 327-355.Chambers, C.D., Stokes, M.G., Mattingley, J.B. (2004). Modality specific control of strategic spatial attention in parietal cortex. Neuron, 44(6), 925-930.Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Cameron, A., Fotopoulou A. Della Sala, S. (2009). Anosognosia for motor impairment following left-brain damage. Neuropsychology, 23, 223-230.Corbetta, M., Miezin, F.M., Shulman, G.L., Petersen, S.E. (1993). A PET study of visuospatial attention. daybook of Neuroscience, 12, 12021226.Dauriac- Le Masson, V., Mailhan, L., Louis- Dreyfus, A., De Montety, G., Denys, P., Bussel, B., Azouvi, P. (2002). Double dissociation between unilateral neglect and anosognosia. Revue neurologi que, 158(4), 427-430.Della Sala S., Cocchini G., Beschin N., Cameron A. (in press).VATAm Visual-analogue test for anosognosia for motor impairment A new test to assess awareness for motor impairment. The clinical NeuropsychologistFotopoulou, A., Tsakiris, M., Haggard, P., Vagopoulou, A., Rudd, A., Kopelman, M. (2008). The role of motor intention in motor awareness An experimental study on anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 131, 3432-3442.Frith,C.D.,Blakemore,S.J.,Wolpert,D.M. (2000).Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.Philosophical proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 355, 1771-8.Gold,M.,Adair,J.C.,Daniel,H.J.,Heilman,K.M. (1994).Anosognosia for hemiplegia an electrophysiologic investigation of the feed-forward hypothesis,Neurology, 44, 1804.Heilman, K. M. and Valenstien, E. (1972) Frontal lobe neglect in man. Neurology, 22, 660-664.Heilman, K.M, Valenstein E. (1979) Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. Annals of Neurology 5, 166- 170.Heil man, K.M., Watson, R.T., Valenstein, E. (1993).Neglect and related disorders. In Heilman, K.M. and Valenstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical Neuropsychology. New York Oxford University Press, Ch. 10, 279-336.Heilman, K.M, Watson, R., Valenstein E. (1994). Localization of lesions in neglect and related disorders. In Kertez, A.,editor, Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology. San Diego Academic Peers, 495-524.Heilman,K.M.,Barret,A.M.,Adair,J.C. (1998). Possible mechanisms of anosognosia a defect in self awareness.Philosophical proceeding of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 355, 1903-1909.Heilman K.M, Valenstein, E. (2003) Clinical Neuropsychology, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UKHillis, A., Caramazza, A.(1995). A framework for interpreting distinct pattern of hemispatial neglect. Neurocase, 1, 189-207.House, A. and Hodges, J. (1988). Persistent denial of handicap after infarction of the right basal ganglia A case study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 112-115.Karnath, H.O., Baier, B., Nagele, T. (2005), Awareness of the functioning of ones own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?. Journal of neuroscience, 25(31), 7134-7138.Kortte, K., Hillis A.E.( 2010). Recent Advances in the Understanding of Neglect and Anosognosia Following Right Hemisphere Stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 9(6), 459465.Marcel,A.J.,Tegner,R.,Nimmo-Smith,I. (2004). Anosognosia for plegia specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily awareness.Cortex, 40, 19-40.Orfei, M.D., Robinson, R.G., Prigatano, G.P., Starkstein, S., Rusch, N., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., Spalletta, G. (2007). Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon a systematic review of the literature. Brain, 130, 3075-3090.Prigatano, G.P., Matthes, J., Hill, S., Wolf, T.R. Heiserman, J.E. (2011). Anosognosia for hemiplegia with preserved awareness of complete cortical blindness following intracranial haemorrhage. Cortex, 47(10), 1219-1227.Watson, R.T., Heilman,K.M., Cauthen, J.C., King, F.A (1973). Neglect after cingulectomy. Neurology, 23(9), 1003-1007.Watson, R. T., Heilman, K. M., Millar, B. D. and King, F. A. (1974). Neglect after mesencephalic reticular formation lesions. Neurology, 24, 294-298.Weinstein, E.A. and Kahn, R.L. (1955). Denial of illness Symbolic and physiological aspects, Springfield, IL Thomas.Weinstein E. A. (1991).Anosognosia and denial of illness. In Prigatano G. P. Schacter D. L. (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury, 240257.

Labelling theory

Labelling surmisalPROSPER MOTSI07475594SWK 1002Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in mind youth crime and anti-social conduct in Britain today.Labelling theory is the act of naming, the deployment of language to confer and fix the meanings of behaviour and emblematic internationalism and phenomenology.Tannenbaum,(1938) defines labelling as the surgical process of make the wicked by employing processes of tagging, defining ,identifying,segregating,describing,emphasising,making conscious and self conscious. Labelling theory claims that digression and conformity results not so much from what plurality do but from how others do to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is thereof soci tout ensembley constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the vastness of the theory to the degenerate behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today.The labelling theory fashions dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was apply as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key plurality to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to collect been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which delegacy deviance is in the eyeball of the beholder. Actually the labelling theory was built on Becker, (19639) statement that Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular large number and labelling them as outsiders-deviance is not a quality of the act of a person commits, but rather a consequences of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender The deviant is star to whom that label has successfully been applied. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that raft so label. The way out is a refusal to dramatize the evil. The labelling theory connects to great sociological ideas of Dukheim the symbolic interactionism and the conflict theory. The theory similarly draws from the idea of Thomas (1928) that when people define situations as real they become real in their consequences. Lement ,(1951-1972) distinguishes deviance into primary and alternate deviance in which he described primary deviance as those little reactions from others which have littl e effect on a persons self fancy and secondary deviance as when people push a deviant person out of their social circles which leads the person to be embittered and seek the company of the people who cond star his behaviour.Lement further argued that rather than seeing a crime as leading to control it may be more fruitful to see the process as one in which control agencies structured and make up generated crime. Secondary deviance leads to what Goffman (1963) deviant career. This will subsequently leads to stigma which is a powerful prejudicial social label that radically changes a persons self concept and social identity. A criminal prosecution is one way that an somebody is labelled in a negative rather than in a positive way. Stigmatising people often leads to retrospective labelling which is the interpretation of someones past consistent with the present deviance Seheff (1984).Retrospective labelling distorts a persons biography in a prejudicial way guided by stigma than any attempt to be fair.No social class stands by from others as being either criminal or free from transgression. However according to various sociologists people with less stake in society and their ingest future typically exhibit less resistance to some kinds of devience.Labelling theory asks what happens to criminals after they have been labelled and suggests that crime may be highlighted by criminal sanctions thus sending one to prison may help to criminalise an individual further. Stigmatising young offenders may actually lead them into a criminal career. Howard S.Becker , (1963) one of the earlier interaction theorists claimed that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. what is more the labelling theoretical approach to deviance concentrates on the social reaction to deviance committed by individuals as well as the interaction processes leading up t o the labelling.The theory therefore suggests that criminology has been given too much attention to criminals as types of people and insufficient attention to the collection of social control responses. That therefore means the law, the police, the media and the public publications helps to give crime its shape. This is supported by the conflict theory which demonstrates how deviance reflects inequalities and power .This approach holds that the causes of crime may be linked to inequalities of class, racetrack and gender and that who or what is labelled as deviant depends on the relative power of categories of people.Cicourels study on Juvenile justness in California, (1972) pointed out that police stereotypes result in black, white class youth being labelled criminal. The conflict theory links deviance to power in the form of the norms and the laws of just about societies which bolster the interests of the rich and powerful.The labelling theory links deviance not to action but t o the reaction of others .The concept of stigma, secondary deviance and deviant career demonstrates how people can incorporate the label of deviance into a lasting self-concept. Political leaders recognises that labelling was a political act for it made them aware on which rules to enforce, what behaviour is to regarded as deviant and which people labelled as outsiders may require political assistance Becker,(1963-7).Political leaders went on to produce a series of existential studies concerning the origins of deviancy definitions through political actions in areas such as drugs legislation, temperance legislation ,delinquency definitions,homosexuality,prostitution and pornography.Becker, (1963) examines the possible effects upon an individual after being publicly labelled as deviant. A label is not neutral it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It will become a master label in the sense that it colours all the other statuses possessed by an individual. If o ne is labelled as a paedophile, criminal or homosexual it is difficult to reject such labels for those labels largely overrides their pilot light status as parents, worker, neighbour and friend. Others view that person and respond to him or her in terms of the label and tend to assume that individual has the negative characteristics usually associated with such labels. Since an individuals self concept is largely derived from the responses of others they will tend to see themselves in terms of that label. This may produce a self fulfilling prophecy whereby the deviant identification becomes the controlling one. This links to the interactionist approach which emphasizes the importance of the meanings the various actors bring to and develops within the interaction situation.However the labelling theory has its weaknesses which includes Liazos,(1972) who noted that although the labelling theorists aims to humanise the deviant individual and show that he or she is no different than o ther individuals except perhaps in terms of opportunity. It however by the very emphasis on the deviant and his identity puzzles and sub cultivation the opposite effect may have been achieved. He further suggested that while considering the more usual everyday types of deviance such as homosexuality, prostitution and juvenile delinquency the labelling theorists have totally ignored a more dangerous and malevolent types of deviance which he termed covert institutional violence. He pointed out that this type of violence leads to such things as poverty and exploitation for example the war in Vietnam, unjust tax laws, racism and sexism. It is questionable whether labelling theorists should even attempt to discuss forms of deviance such as this in the same way as more commonplace individual crimes or whether the two should be kept totally separate being so different in subject matter.Akers, (1994) also criticized the labelling theory by pointing out that it fails to explain why people b reak the law while the majority conform explaining that people go about minding their own business and then wham-bad society comes along and stops them with a stigmatised label. The theory fails to explain why the moral entrepreneurs react in the manner described but rather blames society and portrays criminals as innocent victims which is not evermore the case.To counter for the negative effects of punitive measures to youth crime and anti-social behaviour the British government introduced the ASBO and ABC which means anti social behaviour orders and unexceptionable behaviours respectively.ASBO and ABC are recent developments in Britain which were designed to put a stop to anti-social behaviour by the individual on whom they are imposed.ASBO is a statutory creation and it carries legal force where as an ABC is an informal procedure though not without legal significance. Both types of interventions are aimed at stopping the problem behaviour rather than punishing the offender whic h may lead an individual into a deviant career. The ABC proved most effective as a means of encouraging young adults, children and parents to take responsibility for unacceptable behaviour. These measures are being used to improve the quality of life for local people by tackling behaviour such as harassment, graffiti, criminal damage and verbal abuse without criminalising the offender.The crime and disorder act (1998) contains the key elements of labours bare-ass youth justice scheme which saw the establishment of the youth justice and the restructuring of the non custodial penalties available to the youth court. The government believed that preventing offending promotes the welfare of the individual young offender and protects the public. The youth justice board oversees the youth offending teams which has a number of roles including assessing the risk and protective factors in a young persons life that relate to their offending behaviour to alter effective interventions to be enforced, providing support to young people who have been released from the custody into the community and early intervention and preventative work both in criminality and anti-social behaviour.To further reduce the effects of labelling the British government is tackling anti-social behaviour and its causes by tackling family problems, poor education attainment, unemployment, alcohol and drug misuse. The most successful interventions to be implemented where noted to be those that engage the individual in changing their own behaviour. This is being done ensuring that an individual understands the impact of their behaviour to the community whilst offering the needed support to conform.Rather than labelling and criminalising an individual the British government came up with effective advice, councelling and support that enable people who behave anti-Socially to change their behaviour. Perpetrators young and adults have issues in their lives that require the help and support of profess ional, statutory or voluntary organisations. Issues like money management and debt, communication difficulties with the family, young people struggling within the educational or employment because of offending behaviour and victims of domestic violence can all benefit from available services in Britain today.This essay therefore concludes that labelling theory is enormously influential in directing attention towards the relative and somewhat arbitrary nature of dominant definitions of crime and criminality in Britain. It also critizes the criminal justice and the agencies of social control for it reflects on the consequences of our social reaction and advocates for changes in public policy on juvenile justice, restorative justice,de-institutionalisation and communitarian approaches. The powerful insights of the labelling theory made the British authorities to rethink again on the tough on crime stance hence the introduction of new restorative measures which does not label or crimina lise young offenders. The labelling theory is therefore quite useful in understanding that the rise in the yob culture, gang culture and hoody culture in Britain was a result of criminalising young offenders rather than addressing issues leading the young into crime and anti-social behaviour.Words 2010ReferencesBerker and Howard, S (1963) Outsiders Studies in the sociology of deviance, New York free expressGoffman, E (1963) Stigma Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Prentice-hallHall, S (1978) Policing the crisis, The Macmillan press LTDHaralambos, M and Holborn (1991) Sociology themes and perspectives, Collins education.Macionis, J and Plummer, K (2005) Sociology a global introduction, Pearson education limited.Taylor et al, (1973) the new criminology for a social theory of devience, Routledge5

Cultural Myths :: essays research papers

We are considered fortunate to live in the world that we do today. Material things seem to be bountiful, science and technology only keeps on advancing, and we are every last(predicate) busy and hard at work in school or making money to achieve certain things in life by whatever means. In particular, science and technology has introduced so many significant inventions and conveniences to society that we cannot help but feel that we train to have these things. The products and services out there being advertised and sold are glamorized to appear faultless so that our attention is drawn to the benefits. Unfortunately, there are drawbacks and the fact that these inventions and conveniences are supposed to be quick and helpful could be a mere myth. This might lead one to ask if all the things we think we need to help us are really conveniences or merely burdensome.An example of something that is very useful and convenient, but at the said(prenominal) time could be very problematic would be the computer. Uses for computers have reached new heights. Aside from using them for word processing, computers serve as a source of delight with games and the Internet, are a means of communication, and we are able to shop in our underwear now if thats what is preferred. The Internet alone can have you academic session in the same place for hours at a time because of all its possibilities. However, along with all of its advantages come a computers weaknesses. Putting a spotlight on the Internet, what poses a concern to me would be the safety of it all. Nowadays, we can not be certain that what we perceive to be private information distillery remains to be so. When we make purchases over the Internet, so much information is available to the person sitting on the other end, which can in expel wind up in the hands of many others without our knowledge. It takes so much more time to make sure your information is secure with passwords and usernames. Wouldnt it patently be e asier to go out and buy what you need instead of worrying about what kind of personal information could be leaking out everywhere? It would scavenge a lot of worry and ones sanity. However, one might agree that it saves them time to do their grocery shopping at home dapple they can still watch the kids or fill their prescriptions without leaving the house with swollen lips because of an allergic reaction.

Saddam Hussein :: essays research papers

Saddam HusseinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.(Redirected from Saddam)Saddam HusseinEnlargeSaddam HusseinSadd& deoxyadenosine monophosphate257m Hussein & angstrom unit699Abd al-Majid al-Tikr&299t&299 (Often spelled Husayn or Hussain Arabic &1589&1583&1575&1605 &1581&1587&1610&1606 &1593&1576&1583&1575&1604&1605&1580&1610&1583 &1575&1604&1578&1603&1585&1610&1578&1610 born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.A rising star in the revolutionary Baath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and socialism, Saddam (see 2 regarding names) played a key share in the bloodless 1968 coup that brought the party to king. As vice president under the frail and elderly General Ahmed Bakr, Saddam tightly controlled conflict amidst government departments and the armed forces at a time when many organizations were considered capable of overthrowing the government b y forging a repressive security apparatus. Meanwhile, Iraqs economy grew at a rapid pace in the 1970s. 3As president, he developed a pervasive personality cult, ran an authoritarian government, and maintained power with the devastating Iran-Iraq struggle (19801988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991), which both corresponded with a sharp decline in living standards and the human rights situation. Saddam Husseins government, in particular, engaged in hard repression of movements that it deemed threatened his rule, as well as of ethnic groups that sought independence or autonomy.While he remained a universal hero among many disaffected Arabs for standing up to the West and for his staunch support for the Palestinians,4 the United States continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion pursuit the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Captured by U.S. forces on December 13, 2003, he will stand trial under the invigorated Iraqi government set up by U.S.-led forces.Contents showhide1 Youth2 Rise in the Baath party3 Consolidation of power3.1 Saddams consolidation of power and the modernization of Iraq3.2 Succession4 Saddam Hussein as a secular leader5 Foreign affairs5.1 The IranIraq War5.2 Tensions with Kuwait6 The Persian Gulf War6.1 Postwar aftermath7 1991-20038 2003 invasion of Iraq8.1 Pursuit and capture9 Trial10 Personal11 Notes12 Related articles13 External linkseditYouthSaddam Hussein was born in the village of Al-Awja, in the Tikrit dominion of Iraq, to a family of sheep-herders. His mother named her newborn "Saddam," which in Arabic means "one who confronts." He never knew his father, Hussein Abd al-Majid, who died or disappeared five months before Saddam was born. in short afterwards, Saddams twelve-year-old brother died of cancer, leaving his mother severely depressed in the final months of the pregnancy.