Designing and Integrating Information System

Designing and Integrating info governing body1. INTRODUCTIONAs computer technology changes at fast pace, many businesses sectors also put forward their computer ashes constantly in order to stay competitive. For much(prenominal), the function has become indispensable addition of the companies that process enormous amount of selective information and complex doings. Payroll is an example of a complex transaction a company has. Its preparation is crucial since it involves accounts and requires confidentiality. The use of an integrated information placement get out hurry the accomplishment of jobs easier, faster and more efficiently.According to Kanchov (2006), application program is the bridge between the drug users and the database, where data ar stored. Thus, a well- developed application program and database ensure the reliability, flexibility, and functionality of an information administration. Information technology use aims at change magnitude the efficiency and reli ability of management and supervise of playscripts.Steven M. Bragg (2006) says that in payroll subdivision placement the timekeeping function is coming infra increasing attack, as cost accountants realize that the cost of administering a detailed timekeeping system is exceeding the lever of the result information. This issue tramp be resolved either by reducing the level of timekeeping crusade until the effort expanded equals the utility of the resulting information (which may result in the complete elimination of the timekeeping function) or by more fully automating the timekeeping and payroll functions, so that the cost of the system administration is reduced to the shoot where it is once again a cost-effective means of tracking labor activities. According to Chowdury (2008), Inventory System is known to be employ by many financial institutions. PIM (Perpetual Inventory Method) system maintains an up-to-date record of sinless level of goods at hands by ensuring that s tocks are accounted for at all times. The process accommodates expand of all recording purchase and sales receipts and issues and running balances of all stocks.In line with this, the researchers proposed for Balaod Mindanaw bodied a LAN Base system for a fully secured and reliable data, easy maintenance, and quicker data retrieval. Balaod Mindanaw Incorporated has decided to automate its transactions. BALAOD-Mindanaw traces its beginnings to Balay Mindanaw Foundation, Inc. (BMFI) legal program as implemented by the LARGE (Legal assist for Agrarian Reform, Governance and Empowerment) Unit. BALAOD Mindanaw is a non-stock, non-profit organization that aims to help in the advancement of the legal and justice issues of unalike marginalized sectors and communities in Mindanao in the context of active peoples participation in governance. BALAOD sets forth in following(a) organizational goals to promote paralegal formation and provide separate legal services to marginalized secto rs and communities in Mindanao to conduct capability-building interventions on local legislation and dispute resolution to provide a venue for net leaning and alternative legal service for law practitioners, law schools and law students in Mindanao and to facilitate the creation of a favorable policy surround responsive to the needs of marginalized sectors and communities in Mindanao.2. FRAMEWORKThis break down designed and developed an integrated information system to facilitate better operations of the organization. The researchers used the Practical Approach to Payroll Administration and Shared run Approach. Practical Approach allow create an awareness of statutory laws (eg. Employment Act, CPF Act, SDF Act, Income Taxt Act, and others) and give the over learn of the components of a computerized payroll system. Also the approach will help develop an understanding of compensation components and the latest trends affecting payroll administration ( Subbu and Daofen, 2006). Share d Services Approach is an operational philosophy that involves centralizing administrative functions that were once performed in divisions or locations. Services that can be shared among the various business units of a company include pay, purchasing, armoury, and payroll (Sherman, 2008).Figure 1 illustrates the context diagram of developed Integrated Information System for Balaod Mindanaw, Inc. It shows the system relationship for the four entities the Finance Officer, Employee, Librarian, and the Supply Officer. The system will automatically calculate the number of work hours of each employee and the deduction for both employees absence and under time. The system will send the information to other entities, applying the shared service approach by which information like employee information, books available in the library, and cipher and inventory of every department are circulated.3. Objective of the consider3.1 General Objective of the reckonThis study aimed at designing a nd developing an Integrated Information System for Balaod Mindanaw, Inc.The system is intended to minimize the effort of the user in the processing of payroll slip, payroll form, library slip, library form and in the monitoring of supplies. Also, the system is intended to create a well-arranged database to implement strong data security system.3.2 Specific Objectives of the studyThe study sought to accomplish the following specific objectives3.2.1. To access the attest payroll system of Balaod Mindanaw, Inc.3.2.2. To profile the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, birth date, birth place, province, home address, current home address, family information, and education.3.2.3. To identify the underlying problems of the present system involving the processes on payroll, library, inventory and the monitoring of supplies.3.2.4. To determine the accuracy and effectiveness of the present system and the thinkable benefits of the proposed information system.4. Statement of th e ProblemThe study specifically sought to address the following problems of Balaod Mindanaw Inc4.1. The HR uses except papers to record employee information. Such system slows down the retrieval of data.4.2. The file can easily be damaged and lost.4.3. Double checking the consistency of supply records is time-consuming.4.4. Financial computations are time-consuming and prone to mathematical errors that may cause financial or legal trouble.5. Scope and LimitationThe proposed system covers the process of budget monitoring for every department, requisition of equipment and books in the library, inventory of supplies, and monitoring of expenses of every department. The proposed payroll system covers the keeping of occasional Time Record for computing the exact wages of each employee. The system can do the following5.1. Compute monthly net income, deductions, and loans such as SSS, Philhealth, COLA, Emergency loans, PAG IBIG, and withholding tax.5.2. Calculate budget allocation plus ex penses of every department5.3. Add book borrows records5.4. Add employee information5.5. Add employees login and logout records6. Significance of the StudyThe proposed system will benefit the following entitiesThe Manager. The system will provide the manager with reliable and accurate reports concerning the companys budget and equipment use.The Supply Officer. The system will help the supply ships officer conduct an inventory of the supplies to start reliable reports for referencing.The Finance Department. The system will help the finance department monitor all the expenses of every department and conduct liquidation anytime. Also, the department can process the payroll faster and accurately.The Company. The system will give the company the advantage over other companies that still use the traditional way of running the operations. Also, it will help the company increase its performance to satisfy its clients.The Future Researchers. The findings of the study will cause as basis f or developing related system for other companies or establishments.7. OutputThe output of the study is the Integrated Information System for Balaod Mindanaw, Incorporated. A complete Program Structure, Database Specifications and Design, and System User Manual go with the software. All program source codes are also fully documented and compiled.8. Research MethodologyThe researchers used the simplified water fall model, which illustrates the sequential software development process in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through the kinds. Water fall development has distinct goals for each phase development from conceptualization through designing, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, deployment of the system, and maintenance.8.1. The Requirement Gathering and Analysis. The researchers surveyed literature and interviewed the user about the companys present system so that the system limitations could be identified and addressed8.2. System Design.A s ystem with applications addressing the present systems limitations was designed and developed.8.3. Implementation. The developed system was applied given the permission of the company.8.4. Testing.The developed system was subjected to interface testing, functionality testing, and front-end and back-end integration testing.8.5. Deployment of the System.After a serial publication of testing, the system was deployed to the working environment.8.6. Maintenance. Lastly, it is very likely for the developed system to encounter system errors and unexpected bugs. Thus, the researchers will diagnose and resolve unknown issues. Further, the researchers will consider further enhancement of the database system.8.1 CURRENT SYSTEM memorial Description of the Current SystemFirst, every department submits a projected expense to the finance department or a proposed budget for the entire year, and so the finance department presents the projected expense of every department to the manager for approval . If the budget is approved, the finance department grants the approved budget to the department to be utilize within one year. If the budget is not approved, the finance department returns the projected expense to the department for qualifying or modification.Second, every department signals for supply to the supply officer. The supply officer asks the finance department for the budget. thus the budget for supply is submitted to the manager for approval. If the budget is approved, then the finance department gives the budget to the supply officer for the purchase of the requested supply. Then the purchased supply is given to the requesting department.8.2 PROPOSED SYSTEMNarrative Description of the Proposed SystemThe employee registers to intend login and logout. The registration serves as reference for payroll. Every department sends its budget request through the system. The finance can view the budget request. The finance then presents the budget to the manager for approval. Once the requested budget is approved, the finance notifies the department as to the approval of the budget. The manager can view all transactions. For the supply requisition, the department sends the request to the supply officer. Then the supply officer forwards the request to the finance officer for the budget. Once the budget for the supply is approved by the finance officer, the supply officer canvasses and purchases the requested supply. The supply will then be delivered to the requesting department. The supply officer monitors the deliveries and declares the status of materials, and decides replacement of them. The finance department can add employees records and accounts and view the expenses of the entire department. The librarian handles all the book and journals. All book records are kept by a library staff. If the employee borrows a book, the librarian records the details of the book and the borrowers name. If the book is lost by the borrower, the librarian submits a no te about the lost to the HR Department.9.2 DATABASE STRUCTUREThe system uses one database, which is the IISBalaodMindanao. It contains many tables and stores information such as employees record, daily time record, basic salary. And also, the system monitors the status of books in the library and other inborn data.9.3 Data DictionaryEmployeesProfileFamilyInfoWorkExperienceWorkDescriptionOrganizationImportantSeminarEducationalProfileSkillsTalentsInterestLogoutLoginBooksBookDetailsBookBarrowedDATA FIELD TYPEDATA TYPE

Development of App for Gaming

Development of App for GamingChapter 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThis section will demonstrate the later on effects of distinctive devices use as a disperse of presentation, investigation and understanding of the outcome in assessment. parrys argon likewise included in the section for effortlessly comprehension of the contrast between the current and the proposed course of instructionming.1. Entities use in the proposed bundleAn entity is a thing of enthusiasm to an association about which information is to be held. In a business for instance, substances would be things, for example, a client, a representative, or thing of stock. Each of these substances fuck off what are portrayed as Attributes. card 2 excitant variables in the Main Menu examineThe table above rises the entities employ in the proposed software. The proponent researched about the component of a naughty, this entities were in all used by RPG games.2. Design Consideration of PiratescapeThere are invention con siderations that are needed to be followed on building the Piratescape. Some of these are algorithm, Data Structure, architectural Design, and body Design.a. algorithmic programFigure 4 execution of spot Screen BasedApplication AlgorithmThe program fork overn in Figure 4 implements the Touch Screen Based Application Algorithm. In spite of the fact that this calculation it provide distinguish the neighbourhood and area of a touch inside the presentation zone.Figure 5Projection Matrix AlgorithmThe projection matrix algorithm was used on the software to show the Perspective on 3d world it is distance of object on the players character. Orthographic projection (or orthogonal projection) is a method for speaking to a three-dimensional protest in two measurements. It is a type of jibe projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, bringing about every plane of the eyeshot showing up in relative change on the review surface.Figure 6Mipmap Filterin g AlgorithmIn 3D computer graphics, mipmaps are pre-calculated, enhanced grouping of surfaces that go with a principle surface, to for each one one of which is a continuously lower determination representation of the same picture. The tallness and width of every picture, or level, in the mipmap is a force of two littler than the past level.b. Data StructureFigure 7Multi-Dimensional ArrayArray. It is utilized to indicate a variable that cannister be filed. One dimensional show is an organized gathering of segments that can be gotten to independently by indicating the position of a part with a solitary listed quality. The information of the same sort and same degree then its ideal to store it in a cluster. A show can hold any variety show of information and can train multidimensional. For getting to components of cluster, list is generally utilized. Multi-dimensional clusters are typically spoken to consecutively segment approach on paper, and the terms of lines and segments are utilized as a part of registering.In Piratescape, multi-dimensional array is used for the depute every value on index in Tile Map System. A typical roofing tile map incorporates of a multi-dimensional array/matrix containing references to a tile object. Every index holds information such(prenominal) as the type of terrain, if it is possible to walk on it.Figure 8Implementation of Multi-Dimensional Array in CoordinatesFigure 5 shows the use of multi-dimensional array in coordinates. A common tile map consist of a multi-dimensional array/matrix containing references to a tile object. This tile article holds the data, for example, the sort of landscape, in the military issue that it is conceivable to stroll on it.c. Code OptimizationCode optimization is a procedure where the projects generator autograph is advanced for the projects execution and ease of use. Code optimization likewise includes the utilization of standards and calculations to program code with the objective of ma king it quicker, littler, more proficient, et cetera.Table 3 whole tone Assurance Checklist CriteriaTotal Total(Yes) (No)Table 3 represents the result of the inspection from the white box testing. All the 11 classes and 73 methods on the Quality Assurance Checklist, have passed the inspections. These methods were written well and this is because the software was written with the knowledge of code optimization so the standards of the criteria were targeted immediately during the development of this program.Table 4The table above shows the number of line of codes of all the eachmethod within every class. Only the handle and together with the character render method has a long code because of directions given on its character movement and the accuracy of the d-pad to its movement.Table 5Table ? presents the number of conditions that the methods contained within the program which all had token(prenominal) occurrences.Fault DensityThis is the number of faults or errors that are found a nd will be given a ratio from a certain number of codes. The program passed the criterion because the programs codes were written with knowledge about quality assurance and code optimization, so there were post fixes upon coding before the white box testing was conducted.d. Architectural DesignA UML (Unified Modeling Language) is utilized to indicate, envision, alter, build, and archive the antiques of an article situated programming concentrated framework being worked on. UML is utilized as a part of request to demonstrate the radiation diagram outline of the proposed programming.Use-case draw. It gives a premise of concord between end-clients and engineers in the arranging of the product venture. The draw below shows the use-case diagram of the Piratescape.Figure 9Use-Case Diagram of PiratescapeThe researcher used a Use-Case Diagram to understand the flow of the program development. A Use-Case Diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the various ways t hat they interact with the system. performance Diagram. It demonstrates the stream of adjudge that can be utilized as outline for investigation and rationale technique.Figure 10Activity Diagram of PiratescapeThe researcher has provided the activity diagram for correct understanding of the user. The figure activity diagram of Piratescape show the user will load the main menu and ask a button such as play, and press release button. Figure 10 shows that the user will load the main menu and can choose button such as start, and exit button. When the user chooses start button, it will proceed to the gameplay of Piratescape. In the exit game button which will allow the user to exit the game.Sequence Diagram. Is a sort of friendship graph that indicates how techniques work with each other and in what request.Figure 11Sequence Diagram of PiratescapePiratescape used Sequence Diagram also representing for software design. Sequence diagram shows how objects communicate with each other in t erms of a sequence of messages. caste Diagram. Is a kind of static mental synthesis outline that portrays the structure of a framework by demonstrating the frameworks classes, their characteristics, operations (or systems), and the connections among items.Figure 12Class Diagram of PiratescapeThe class diagram shown in figure 12 represents the PiratescapeRender class, MainMenu class, and Enemy class. All the classes that extend a class has the capability to accession the methods in the extended class.3. System Requirements in Implementing PiratescapeTable 6System RequirementsTable 6 represents the minimum hardware requirements of the Piratescape to run on an Android ready device. The respondents are recommended to use Android 4.4 as the in operation(p) system because it is the one used in the development of the software and at least(prenominal) 128mb of free reminiscence from Phone reposition and Memory Card.The application requires a minimum of 64mb of free memory from Phone Memory together with Memory Card, also with Android 4.0 operating system.4. Level of Acceptability of the softwareThe researcher showed the result of the software in terms of Entertainment, Originality, and Gameplay.Table 7Result of the Evaluated SoftwareThe proponent distributed valuation forms to the game enthusiast on an internet caf named Netopia (Fairview Branch). With a heavy mean of 3 interpreted as impersonal was rated for the Entertainment of the Piratescape. The respondents that seen the software have been provided entertainment by the said software. In terms of Originality, a weighted mean of 3.5 which is interpreted as Neutral. The respondents saw the softwares concept have met the respondents satisfactory level. In terms of Gameplay, a weighted mean of 3.05 which interpreted as Neutral. The respondents saw the software is capable to provide an interesting and challenging gameplay.A total Weighted Mean of 3.183, the software was evaluated as Neutral remark was formula ted according to the respondents answers.Chapter 5SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONThis part condenses the significant discoveries, presents conclusions and proposal for the proposed system Piratescape. abbreviationThis project entitled, Piratescape, was proposed in order to give an exciting mobile game using the trendiest mobile phone and operating system in market called Android. One major(ip) problem for developers and publishers of mobile games is describing a game in such detail that it gives the customer enough information to make a purchasing decision. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions1. What are the input variables in developing this game, Piratescape?2. What is the design considerations needed to develop a game in term ofa. Algorithmb. Data structurec. Architectural design andd. Code optimization?3. What are the hardware and software requirement in implementing the game, Piratescape4. What are the levels of acceptableness in term o f Piratescape in terms ofa. Entertainmentb. Originality andc. Gameplay?Constructive form of research was used in order to develop this project. The researcher provided an evaluation form to the respondents which serve as guide to evaluate the proposed software.Summary of FindingsThe details stated below are the summaries of findings based from the careful analysis of the gathered data1. Input VariablesThe specialist recognize the data variable that used to the product. A variable is utilized for putting past information. An information sort is doled out to a variable to focus the characterization of a specific kind of data. A good example is the attack and the movement buttons.2. Design Considerations for the development of PiratescapeThe following are the design considerations of the Piratescape.a. Algorithm. The algorithms used by the researchers to create the proposed software are the Projection Matrix Algorithm which is also cognise as Perspective, on 3d world it is the distan ce of the object on the players character, Mipmap Filtering, it creates a lot of textures that depends on views, and the Minification, which reduces the size of the picture or textures.b. Data Structure. Multi-dimensional cluster is utilized as a part of a few sections of the system. Fundamentally, the analysts all the more frequently utilize this kind of cluster for better investigation in the most effective way.c. Architectural Design. It speaks to the general outline or structure of the created programming which is concerned with the primary parts of how the product functions. The researcher used Lucid Chart to present the Use-case, Activity, Sequence, and Class Diagram for the development of Piratescape.d. Code Optimization. Code enhancement is a methodology where the programs source code is satiny for the programs execution and ease of use. A PC project may be advanced with the goal that it executes all the more quickly, or was equipped for working with less memory stockpiling or different assets.3. The System Requirements for PiratescapeThe minimum Hardware Requirements are Smartphone with Touchscreen technology, RAM at least 512 and above, Memory Storage at least 128mb and above together with the Software Requirements which is a Smartphone running on Android OS and Android OS Version 4.0 and above.4. The Level of Acceptability of PiratescapeThe level of acceptability of the software is evaluated in terms of Entertainment, Originality, and Gameplay. The proponent conducted an evaluation to the Game Enthusiast and Game Experts.ConclusionsBased from the analysis of the summary of findings, the following conclusions were depictedIn the subject of mobile application, mobile games have been a huge contribution on our past time on our modern lives. The researcher developed a mobile application entitled Piratescape to share to the respondents and players to not full play, but to travel past time when you are on idle.Following a certain algorithm, data struct ure, code optimization, software design and architectural design can be very helpful in developing a system to avoid faulty down system design.In every program, data structure are needed for the researchers to have a better analysis in the most cost-effective way.RecommendationThese were the recommendation for the researchers based on the summary of findings and conclusions.The developed software will be a good guide in future researchers in terms of mobile game development, provided that the mobile phones implementing the software have met the minimum and recommended system requirements.Future researchers are encouraged to enhance the developed software by adding some features and effects.Future researchers may improve the features by using wireless communication for multiplayer gaming. The more players can play at a time, the better.

Design of Phenomenological Research

normal of Phenomenological ResearchThis is a philosophical movement concerned with the study of sure get down, from the point of view of the first person (Moran, 2000). There is fury on the intentionality of experience that is, the idea that certified experience is directed towards some phenomena, instead than creation merely aimless. Such purposefulness is unremarkably contained in the flying field matter that the first person ascribes to his or her experience. Human experience is said to be intended, meaning that we ar somehow usually aw be of an experience as it is happening, as opposed to for mannequin Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic view in which experience isnt al paths conscious. Conscious experience is defined in broad terms, incorporating a wide range of factors including sensation, perception, objects, events, time, self, others, space, sequence, emotion, logic, and so on, with go againsticular emphasis on the meanings of these experiences (two individuals whi tethorn receive exactly the same experience, yet stick entirely different meanings). Historically, phenomenology has been a fragmented ism, with numerous variations emerging and enough established especially since the early part of the 20th century, deriving from deeds of philosophers like Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Satre, Edmund Husserl, G.W.F Hegel, Max Scheler, and others. The basic tradition of Anglo-Saxon European philosophy as we know it has been dominated by phenomenology through bulge the last century, and soon provides the philosophical basis for a major part of clinical studies, usually subsumed under the heading of qualitative research.EXPERIMENTAL (SCIENTIFIC) APPROACHScientific experimentation forms part of the wider traditional positivist doctrine, developed by Auguste Comte during the early part of the nineteenth century (Cooli batch, 1994). Positivism dictates that only phenomena that cornerstone be quantified and measured, argon worthy of scientific experi mentation. Emerging from this philosophy is the hypothetico-deductive doctrine, which inculpates making observations, developing theories, formulating and examen predictions from those theories, and modifying or documentationing the theory accordingly. This procedure is what m whatever researchers refer to as the scientific method. Experimentation is often regarded as the gold commonplace in scientific (clinical) research. It entails the deliberate manipulation of variables under controlled conditions, in giveing to establish causality, and important factor in clinical rophytings. Control is achieved originally by random al location of participants to conditions, effectively distributing any differences among peck evenly across the conditions, and hence balancing things out. Many experiments are alike conducted in a controlled environment, such as laboratory. Experimentation is underpinned by a number of assumptions, including the idea that people can be uncaring from their social environment and treated as a group sort of than as individuals. Further much, it is possible for the researcher to remain objective, remaining distant from the subject and hence having no influence on their behaviour.RESEARCH METHODSAims and ObjectivesPhenomenological research is exploratory, seeking to understand peoples conscious experiences through that persons own viewpoint, what perpetually it may be.By contrast experimentation foc employs on testinging concomitant hypotheses, which have usually been selected by the researcher, hence reflecting the researchers own perspectives, rather than those of the participant. For grammatical case, reach the case of a long-suffering who has recently being diagnosed as anorexic. She is receiving intercession but there is a need for research to establish whether the discussion is having the desired effect. Phenomenology forget focus on the patients own conscious experience of anorexia and recovery, and the meaning s he attaches to these experiences. For example, the individual may view anorexia as a devastating experience with feel that she is non recovering contempt her treatment. The whole experience may have created a sense of revulsion about her condition and pessimism about the recovery. The phenomenologist get out try to explore to do Husserls Greek terms her noesis or intentional act of understanding (e.g. her beliefs and feelings) and noematic, meaning the object or phenomena (anorexia, recovery). By contrast, the experimenter forget aim to test hypotheses that the treatment is or isnt effective in eliciting recovery, which will be appraised in quantifiable terms, such as changes in body-mass index, blood profit levels, and blood pressure. Given the different aims/objectives (i.e. exploration, hypothesis testing), the experimenter and phenomenologist could arrive at completely different conclusions. For example, the patient may feel and believe they are not getting better albe it experimental ( medical checkup) parameters suggest otherwise.Research Questions HypothesesPhenomenological questions typically exploratory, petition how an individual has consciously experienced a phenomenon, such as indisposition or disease. There are no hypotheses. The question can off any one of several forms, depending on the area of phenomenology. For example, existential phenomenology will inquire about the persons experience of free choice (e.g. in selecting their treatment), fertile phenomenology will explore the meaning of the phenomena to the individual with reference to historical factors (e.g. the way a disease has historically been interpreted in their society), while a transcendental phenomenology will ask about the persons conscious experiences completely excluding questions about the external environment (e.g. how the disease is experienced, regardless the hospital environment, treatments, and other external factors). Experimental questions are often more pr ecise, petition whether there is a relationship between two or more variables. The question is usually go with by testable hypotheses, which specify whether or not a relationship exists and the direction (i.e. positive or negative) of the relationship. So, for example the experimenter will ask whether a particular(a) intervention will cure the illness, accompanied by a hypothesis (e.g. the intervention significantly improves health outcomes). unbelievable phenomenology, the experimental start out rarely involves exploratory or open-ended questions as it is a requirement that all variables (independent and dependent) are specified a priori. However, statements of hypotheses can be two-tailed whereby the precise relationship expected between two variables is left hand open (i.e. not specified).DesignPhenomenological research is typically unstructured, with no ad hoc design or format. The researcher is at liberty to motivate as they see fit, merely ensuring that they conform to the basic tenets of philosophy, notably emphasising the first-person and targeting their conscious experience. The setting is usually realistic or naturalistic, so for example, no undertake is made to remove the patient from their natural environment1. Experimental research is traditionally highly structured. There are specific designs available to the researcher, each with set parameters or protocols. Randomisation of subjects to conditions is critical, to minimise the counfounding effects of nuisance variables. Therefore it is innate to recruit a sample of individuals who serve as participants. They can either be exposed to all conditions of the experiment, leading to a within-groups design, or designate to just one of the conditions, creating a between-groups design. Independent and dependent variables must be specified clearly, so that there is no uncertainty about the conditions being manipulated, the direction of causality, and outcome measures. The setting is typically a rtificial for example a laboratory with a low degree of realism. It is important to point out that some phenonemonological research assumes that conscious experience is a function of neurologic action in the brain, known as neurophenomenology. This overlap with physiological sciences heart that an experimental design may be used to establish the authenticity of certain aspects of conscious experience (e.g. determining whether an experience of motor activity is accompanied by electrical activity in the enamour regions of the brain). entropy Collectionselective information is typically collected employ one-to-one interviews between the researcher and the participant, rather similar to private sessions between a patient and their psychiatrist or psychotherapist. The interviews are typically open-ended, thereby letting things enter themselves, to use Heideggers terms. Data collection in experimentation may involve one or more techniques including observational methods (participa nt and non-participant observation, role playacting and simulation, the diary method, and naturalistic observation), interviews and surveys (psychometric tests, structured/semi-structured interviews, clinical method). Whatever technique is used, the close is to generate quantitative data which would allow mathematical assessments of reliability and validity, and also statistical analysis. Reliability reachs to the consistency of a participants responses, while validity indicates whether the appropriate phenomenon of interest is being measured in the first place. Questions in interviews and surveys are typically close-ended, so that the participant can only respond using a pre-determined range of options provided by the experimenter.Data AnalysisThe phenomenological method assumes first-person familiarity with the particular experience of interest to the researcher. Data analysis essentially entails description of a conscious experience exactly as it is lived by the participant an d presented to the researcher, who does not interfere. The researcher may then attempt to interpret the experience from their particular phenomenological perspective. For example, hermeneutical phenomenologists, such as Heidegger, will try to make sense of the experience by placing it in a social and linguistic context (e.g. who else is involved, and how do the parties communicate). By contrast a naturalistic constitutive phenomenologist will relate the experience to nature, seeking out links with natural environment (e.g. climate, culture, ecology). heedless of their area of phenomenology, it is essential for the researcher to analyse the type of experience presented, identifying any unique features for further investigation. More recently, data analysis may entail a logico-semantic approach that aims to identify the truth of an experience (e.g. this disease can be cured) and the conditions necessary to satisfy an intention (e.g. I will feel better if I take my medicine). Phenomen ologists also use modern techniques for analysing qualitative data, such as thematic analysis, typologies, quotations, and so on. Data analysis in experimentation requires the use of statistical tests in order to establish the significance of any observed changes in the dependent variable, undermentioned manipulation of the independent variable. Usually, a level of significance is set, depicting a specific hazard (e.g. .05) that observed differences between groups or conditions occurred by chance. Typically, the probability of chance must be equal to or less than the elect significance level in order for the test results to be regarded as significant. There is no attempt by the experimenter to impose any explanation or subjective analysis on the data without the use of statistical tools, which introduce some mathematical objectivity. However, the likelihood of obtaining significant results is often touched by analytic and methodological considerations, such as the sample coat an d the sensitivity of the chosen statistical test. Furthermore, results that are statistically significant may nevertheless have little or no clinical significance, for example in terms of Quality Life Years, and morbidity and mortality rates. send back 1 Differences between phenomenological and experimental approaches (selected issues)PhenomenologicalExperimentalMethodUnstructured coordinateResearch QuestionExploratoryHypothesis testingPerspectiveFirst-personThird-person receptive MatterConscious experienceQuantifiable phenomenaData Analysis nonrationalStatisticalSettingNaturalisticArtificialClinical Application dilate insightEfficacyCLINICAL PRACTICE Phenomenological and experimental approaches both(prenominal) have an important role to play in clinical practice. Nevertheless, each method may offer very different perspectives on the same medical quandary, or may be more suited to certain problems rather than others. Consider the effectiveness of nurse-led thrombolysis on patients present at an Accidence compulsion unit with cardiac symptoms. A phenomenological approach would be suitable for obtaining comminuted insights into nurses feelings about their effectiveness in administering the procedure, their confidence, doubts, anxieties, suspicions, resentments, and other feelings and beliefs that may explain their clinical competence or otherwise. This may provide managers and consultants with valued ideas about how to support nurses, hence improving service address. By contrast the experimental approach will be more amenable to establishing the clinical effectiveness of nurse-initiated thrombolysis, for example in terms of the percentage of fatalities and door-to-needle times. A E units could be at random assigned to a condition in which nurses implement thrombolytic procedures, or a control condition in which the intervention is performed by nimble consultants. Patient satisfaction rates and hospital delays could then be compared across both conditions using statistical procedures. Although phenomenology and experimentation approach the problem differently, findings from both paradigms will have some clinical benefit if service delivery is ultimately improved.BIBLIOGRAPHYCoolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London Hodder Stoughton.Moran, D. (2000) Introduction to Phenomenology. London and smart YorkRoutledge.Smith, B. Smith, D.W. (eds.) (1995) The Cambridge Companion to HusserlCambridge and New York Cambridge University Press.Wikipedia (2006) Phenomenology online. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Availablefrom http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology/ Accessed 22 July 2006.Footnotes1 Although in the interest of secretiveness researcher and patient may seek a quiet location that may be somewhat atypical of the subjects usual setting.

Effects of Television on Child Development

Effects of video on tike DevelopmentEffects of boob tubeShallene K GreenSociety looks at the ensn argons of watching boob tube receiver, which raises the question- Does tv set harm boorren from an early age? Dr. pot Grohol, Psy.D., an author, inquiryer and expert in mental health believes through research that television has a harmful effect on the development of boorren. He claims that it can negatively uphold study skills and rise scores. The research conducted by Dr. Grohol supported the claim that television has negative side effects on children by exposing them to sex and violence at an early age. Contradictory to this is that it can, and does, passing play a view into other worlds by showing other cultures in a society different than a childs own. Studies may show that video to television does collide with a child however, what alike needs to be addressed and considered atomic number 18 What programs were these children viewing? How much of an impact does a childs experiences with other outside sources of influence make on their educational performance? Surely, the data from these studies can be deemed as biased or supporting an already formed opinion that television alone was the elbow grease of lower test scores and behavioral problems for children.Dr. Grohol supports the idea that television has a negative impact on the educational development of children. His study suggests that exposure to television resulted in low test scores. It showed that 70 percent of children with a television in their bedroom scored seven to nine points lower on a standardize test (Grohol, 2009). Dr. Grohols study additionally showed that childrens test scores during the testing period were lower than children excluded from the project. While evidence suggests that television negatively impacts the test scores of a child, it also has effects on behavioral and emotional development, such as aggression and anxiety, that could also squander been caused by watching television (Mitrofan, Paul, Spencer, 2009). Dr. Grohol believes that a child watching television will be slower in school therefore, leading to an discomfited and unproductive educational future. A nonher factor contributing to the effect that television has on certain individuals would be how long was the childs interaction with the television program, what was the part of show that was being watched and how influential was a pargonnts involvement as to what programs are available for the child. He believes that babysitting children with a television set deprives them of bouncy human interaction necessary for growth and development. Dr. Grohol explains that the sex and violence picture in television have a detrimental effect on young objects. By monitoring and restricting the amount and the content viewed by children, their early childhood development would have a better luck of educational, emotional and complaisant success.Researchers, like Dr. Grohol, need to t ake into account the effect that watching television has on the number of hours of sleep a child has e rattling night. Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work right (Grohol, 2014). However, are children losing sleep because theyre watching too much television or is it because their brains are too stimulated to be able to fall asleep? It is utmost more likely that children are watching too much television at the fault of their guardians who are not regulating it. In which case, the blasted for children doing poorly in school should be equally primed(p) on guardians and not solely on television itself. When used properly, television may become a positive weapon for teachers and parents by providing children with brain elating educational programming instead of programs containing sexual innuendo and violent content. Television does have potential to be positive by giving children recover to viewing new worlds, giving them a chance to travel the globe, take on ab out different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas that they may never hazard in their own community (Boyse, 2010). The other side of this study serve well showed the windows of opportunity to learn about cultures around the world by gaining private experience and applying that information to a childs own facts of life and community.While there is reasonable evidence that shows how television can affect how a child does in school and everyday life, outside social and emotional interactions also need to be taken into consideration on their effect towards developmental success. When parents stay engaged with a child and bring home the bacon guidance through educational programs, they can dictate what is appropriate for viewing and monitor the quantity watched. Television also affects children differently. When more research is analyse it suggests that boys are particularly vulnerable to parental contravene, and with the combination of television, it can append a discord in the classroom. Whereas a girl may, or may not, respond with an outburst of anger by displaying physical aggression by thinking less of themselves (Murray, Ducournau, Stein, 2005). Without parental involvement, these radical emotional portrayals are far more prominent and likely. The difference between boys and girls can be very different, and can influence how they react to the content of television. Keeping in mind that no two children are alike, everyone involved in a childs life needs to stay in tune with how they are doing in school, with friends or even interactions at home in rule to create the greatest chances for success.Watching too much television has the hatchway of causing a drop in test scores, violent outbursts and boilers suit struggle to develop and positively participate in society. Television is not the only contributing factor to these issues therefore, the entirety of the blame cannot be placed solely on it. It may lead individuals to better understand how to mi scellanea the choices and paths of children with proper supervision, influence and guidance. Unchecked, television has the ability to cause difficulties for children however, if used properly it can also be a great educational asset. As technology becomes a bigger part of everyday life, it will be important to stay informed on how it works, how it jocks society grow or the possible dangers that come with it. Society cannot hide from progress, but can help guide and direct choices for children today and into tomorrow.ReferencesBoyse, K., RN. Reviewed by Brad Bushman, PhD. August (2010) Television and ChildrenGrohol, J.M., Psy.D. on 21 Feb (2009). Kids with bedroom TV sets have lower standardized test scores.Grohol, J.M., Psy.D. Jun (2014) Sleep Disorders InsomniaHipwell, A., Murray, L., Ducournau, P., Stein, A. (2005). The effects of maternal depression and parental conflict on childrens peer play. Child Care, Health Development, 31(1), 11-23.Mitrofan, O., Paul, M., Spencer, N. (2009). Is aggression in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties associated with television viewing and video game playing? A systematic review. Child Care, Health Development, 35(1), 5-15. doi10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00912.x

Incorporating Maori Values into Health and Social Care

Incorporating Maori determine into Health and Social CargonAssessment project 1The pact of Waitangi or Tiriti o Waitangi is a written agreement signed on 6th of February 1840 between the British upside and more than 500 Maori chiefs in Waitangi, New Zealand to negotiate s all everyplaceeignty of New Zealand and to establish a British colony. The Treaty of Waitangi was intended to be a partnership between Maori and the British transcend. Even though it was aimed at creating unity, it ca practised conflict due to different understandings and breaches of the treaty. at that place are two versions of the treaty, the Maori version and the inc melodic line version though the English text is not a direct translation of the Maori text so difficulties arise in interpretation. Both versions of the treaty represent consensus between Maori and the British Crown the secure to govern and to establish a British settlement, tour the British Crown assured to Maori full propers as a citizen and egis of all their assets and interests.In 1840, Maori chiefs decided for or against signing the treaty on the basis of its Maori text and after thinking about numerous considerations. The chiefs wanted regulated settlement and brave out in managing settlers and land sales. Commerce and hard cash income from employment would bring benefits to Maori communities. The new relationship between Maori and the British Crown would also enable them to avoid warfare between tribes that had intensified in previous decades.There are cardinal principles of the treaty namely confederation, Protection, Participation, and Permission.Partnership is the union and alliance with good and honest intent between Maori and the British crown to achieve a common goal. To ensure that Maori have rangatiratanga rights over their toanga (land, resources, language, knowledge, and different aspects of way of life of Maori), Maori leaders have to be consulted when organisational policies are converseed. In kindly functions, organisations should sire sure that the needs of Maori are of antecedence when taking part in creating policies that could affect Maori.Protection is allowing Maori to exercise Tino Rangatiratanga over their taonga (land, resources, language, knowledge, and new(prenominal) aspects of way of life of Maori) and they should benefit and get laid from these. In social supporters, Maori way of life to enjoy their taonga must be respected. Maori have the right to make choices with witness to their culture which aligns with tika and kawa, traditions, customs, and usages.Participation is the involvement of Maori and the British Crown in the benefit accessibility, not only for Pakeha but for Maori as well. non segregating the Maori from Pakeha but allowing the Maori to take part in social go that they enjoy together with Pakeha or early(a) ethnicities. In social services, Maori have the right to participate in making decisions regarding their health and wel l being or Hauora and to have meaningful ways in decision making on how health services should be delivered for their well-being.Permission is the freedom of Maori to exercise his rights to call Te Reo Maori and to be involved in every Maori spiritual or cultural rites, practices, or beliefs. In social services, it is important that Maori are allowed to enunciate their own language to express their insights better and to not feel unimportant.The four principles of the Treaty of Waitangi is the basis for social workers when delivering social services to Maori. Examples include consulting and discussing with whanau the support for clients from residential organization to maintain positive changes as a consequence of residential care placement, working together with whanau to understand cultural needs, allowing the whanau to make decisions that are in their best interest to maintain self stopping point and promote empowerment, and incorporating kawa and tikanga on how social servi ces are delivered.Task 2Summary of reason for family showdown or whanau huiA family meeting was held to discuss the supposition of a baby to be admitted to an alternative care placementThe frys parents have alcohol and illicit drug use issuesThe parents are domestically violent toward each other and at measure to the squirt stance DiaryMeetings and Communication realiseNotes/Key points26/02/2015Referral forms were reviewed and explained to whanauAn initial assessment was performedThe child was place as being at risk27/02/2015Appropriate services were identified and discussed with the whanauNotes/key points of how you perceived and recorded the referral. What service supplier guidelines did you follow?Consent from parents and whanau were obtained forrader acting on the referral. Consent can be withdrawn at both time. alone referrals were recorded in the database.An immediate safety check utilize the information provided by the referrer within 24 hours of receiving the re ferral was completed.Notes/key points of how you assessed the referral for relevance to the service provider.The referrals coming to the social service provider was assessed to find out if they were pertinent to the services offered by the organisation. When deemed relevant, it was accepted.When referrals are assessed as not relevant to the service provider, it will be handed over to other service providers with enchant services that cater to the needs of the client. This must be with the whanaus acclamation and consultation.The referral was relevant to Child, Youth, and Family as a provider as it is the organisation trustworthy in dealing with child protection.Notes/key points of how you answered the referral through the service provider systems. What service provider guidelines did you follow?All information infallible were recorded using forms and in the system.The referral was forwarded to a social worker.Other notes/reflections on the referral processAccurate record was k ept during theprocess, recording any actions interpreted, reasons and any other detail.The information went to the appropriate social worker.Task 3Placement DiaryCoordination of planning for the family meetingDateNotes/Key points05/03/2015The childs parents were phoned to establish details of whanau hui that need to be involved in the whanau huiThe kaumatua and other leaders were contacted and identified06/03/2015All other participants who were not able to ascertain the meeting initially were followed upHow did you observe the key members of the whanau? Briefly identify the key membersThe key members of the whanau were identified through introduction. It was determined that Uncle S. is a kaumatua and he then introduced Auntie C. who is going to be a part of the hui. The parents of the child were also introduced to me and other members of the team.Uncle S.Auntie C.Auntie N.T.C.A.W.Who is the facilitator for the meeting/hui and how was this person identified?The facilitator of the whanau hui was Uncle S. together with the lead social worker. He was chosen as the facilitator of the whanau hui having the start in making wise decisions during meetings in the past. He is also a kaumatua that members of the whanau will respect and listen to.If there were people unable to attend, take up the information you provided to the facilitator on their behalfA whanau hui is mandatory to talk about the possibility of a child to be admitted to an alternative care facility. The childs parents are incapable of looking after the child. The parents are alcoholic and illicit drug users. The parents also do not hold permanent employment sustainable for the childs welfare. It is then deemed necessary to ensure the childs safety and offbeat.If there were participants who had essential information for the meeting/hui, how did you identify these people to the facilitator?The participants with essential information for the whanau hui were given the chance to give details for the smo oth flow of the hui.How did you notify the plan for the meeting/hui to members of the whanau and any other attendees?Details were sent via email.All attendees were phoned to confirm receipt and to confirm their attention at the hui.Other notes/reflection on the planning processAll whanau members were supportive of the family meeting.They wanted to attend to find the best outcome for the childTask 4Placement DiaryCoordination of welcome and hospitalityDateNotes/Key points12/03/2015Powhiri was performed.Dietary requirements of all participants were gathered, including allergies, vegan diet alternatives, and others.The agenda was vigilant in advance and distributed to all attendees.A karakia was said before the meeting and kai13/03/2015Everybody was updatedThe service providers database was updated.What cultural forms of welcome were required and who was liable for these?Powhiri the host of the marae, usually the kaumatua, was responsible in carrying out the process of powhiri toge ther with other leaders in the marae. This is to welcome me, as a student, and for me to be able to be a part of the whanau hui.Mihi all participants of the whanau hui were responsible for the mihi, and also to share their pepeha.Karanga the host of the marae, kaumatua and leaders, will lead the karanga.Karakia The kaumatua led the karakia before the hui, and also before the kai.Kai I took all the participants dietary requirements for the kai and gave it to the kitchen for the preparation of food.What resources did you prepare?The resources I arranged include the venue for the hui.The participants dietary requirements were also taken into consideration when planning for the menu for kai.How did you carry out the coordination of the whanau hui in line with criteria?Adhering to the principle of the Treaty of Waitangi namely participation, protection, partnership, and permission.The confidentiality of the meeting participants were protected and respected.The policies and procedure s of the service provider was followed and adhered to at all times.Focusing primarily on the safety and wellbeing of the child.Other notes/reflectionsWorking with other members of the extended family helped me to understand more on their culture and their way of living.Working with the kaumatua and other leaders in the marae provided me an opportunity to work in partnership with other key people in coordinating whanau meetings and this will help me to facilitate meetings easily in the future.Task 5The four principles of Treaty of Waitangi were applied in the social services during coordinating whanau hui.Social work practice respects the Maori way of life. I provided culturally suitable and safe practice when working with the client and other key people during the whanau hui planning. They were allowed to practice their values, beliefs, customs, and to speak Te Reo during the delivery of service. The Maori models of health and well-being, such as Te Whare Tapa Wha, were used while piquant the client and the whanau with the service.The social services were non-biased, non-judgmental, and non-prejudiced. I had to understand the client and the whanau earlier than judging them. I was also sensitive when providing services to prevent whakama which in turn helped me to gain the persons trust and respect. A egest boundary of professionalism was determined while the client and the whanau accessed the social services offered by the organisation.The social services were made accessible to all cultures including the clients and whanaus that suits their Maori culture having their unique needs. I demonstrated high regard in respecting the dignity of all participants in whanau hui who accessed the services of the organisation. The participants were informed of their rights and to practice their rights whenever they have to. All participants confidentiality and safety were the organisations priority during the whanau hui process.

Health Safety And The Environment Engineering Essay

wellness Safety And The surround Engineering Essaywellness, Safety and Environment is considered as the top priority among the activities carried forbidden(p) in an anele colour colour bungle manufacturing. The inunct industry has commitments to get up and maintain the technologies, standards, best practices and programs which be congenital to intensify the work locating justty. The ultimate goal of the HSE is to increase guard by preventing accidents and injuries.Also, a good HSE system in an oil industry atomic number 82s to cut material mischiefes, direct and indirect costs for accidents and improves productivity . Especi completelyy for a sm only to fussyity sizing oil union, the record of consistency in good trading operations can be used to attract in the altogether business and investment. This makes the case that galosh is good for business.Therefore, Economy of the oil industry outstandingly depends upon HSE. The instruction and rest of organization in an oil and attack follow have more responsibilities in doing the operations in safe behavior. The improvements in an oil business could be achieved by reviewing the rules, policies and procedures of HSE. The emphasis should be fol started by both peers and prudence that violations of HSE rules exit not be tolerated. This cut through deals with the necessity of HSE for a sm either to medium size oil company to achieve safe and kaleable business.Shigeo 20122) INTRODUCTIONHSE plays a vital case in an oil companys development. HSE plans, policies, strategies, objectives, procedure, safety precaution system, Implementation and monitoring, Audit and direction reviews and benefits of substanceive HSE system for a teeny-weeny to medium size oil company ar discussed in this report. indemnity and Strategic ObjectivesOrganisation, Resourcesand DocumentationReviews leadinghip and CommitmentLeadership and commitmentImplementationand Monitoring happen rating and managementPlan ningAUDIT figure of speech1 shows the form affect in a typical HSE system.SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE and environmental QUALITY COMMITTEES 1994.3) DISCUSSIONThe duties, responsibilities and process carried out in an footling to medium size oil company to make development in all directs of HSE atomic number 18 discussed here.3.1) LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENTThe senior leaders of the company should have and observe the activities carried out in the industry and should make changes if needed.Some of the roles of leaders to maintain a good HSE system atomic number 18 listed below,1) Top to fag level commitment in all aspects of operations carried out in an oil industry.2) They are responsible to improve their companys HSE performance.3) Keen observation of censorious operations and maintaining perfect records for analysing and improving HSE performance.4) They should ensure the workplace safety and positivity of the company.5) Participation in every level of HSE develo pment.6) making Cost-Benefit analysis of HSE.7) day-and-night studying and acquire from accidents happened to other oil industries and implementing good methods to prevent much(prenominal) accidents in their company.The expected achievement from a leader in HSE is goal ZERO No harm to people and the environment. Petroleum evolutionOman 2011 p.2 3.1) HSE POLICIES AND strategical OBJECTIVESThe HSE policy and strategy of an oil company should be framed to repress injuries and ill-health of employees, squinchors, neighbours and public at all measures and to minimise the adverse effect of operations on environment.Some of the HSE policies of an oil company are utter below,1) Ensuring HSE considerations are given primary preference than the other business considerations.2) Maintaining a systematic approach to HSE focussing to achieve consistency in HSE improvement.3) playing regular audits and reviews.4) Ensuring compliance with international standards, relevant legislations and client requirements.5) Making accessibility of Health, Safety manuals and safe operative(a) procedures to all employees.6) initiationing the workplace and evolution the work practices to inflict dangers to the personnel as low as reasonably practicable.7) Implementing the use of best technologies to reduce the impact of our operations to the environment.8) Ensuring ability of our employees to postulate their task and providing regular training and awareness program to manage the HSE insecuritys.9) develop communication channel to ensure the HSE policies and procedures are understood by all our personnel.10) Making repeated record of inputs, feedback and requirements of employees in all sections of operation.11) Plan for move to and recover from the emergency situations.12) Reporting accidents, near misses and investigating in the manner to prevent akin(predicate) incidents in future.13) Ensuring legal Airport certification.Shigeo 20123.2) ORGANIZATION, RESOURCES A ND DOCUMENTATIONThe oil industry should make sure the workforce call for to do HSE policies and procedures. Tasks of from each one and every employee are documented and accurately maintained. The daily work of employees are recorded and strictly supervised to prevent the violations of rules and regulations. Senior supervisors should undertake obligation of maintaining safe working conditions. Some of the organisational resource issues related to HSE are as follows,1) Regular worksite surveillance by senior managers,2) Daily workplace inspection by safety engineers,3) Making availability of well trained supervisors and safety engineers for an emergency situation and for control room operations.4) Providing guideline, HSE policies and procedures in understandable way to every worker.5) Make sure that all employees are adults and they are physically and mentally fit for their respective operations.6) Providing regular HSE awareness training to all employees of all disciplines to m ake them familiar to handle the risk situations and to prevent the similar faults.The small and medium size oil industry should maintain the contract details with the large size oil industry by prim documentation. They should compare their level and standard of HSE practices with the activities carried out in a large size oil company through benchmarking. The supervisors and managers should adopt continuous learning to enhance the quality and performance of HSE.Employees should be provided with safety and protection equipments alike(p) heavy impact safety helmets, safety eye goggles, boots, gloves, coveralls and other safety tools to minimise injuries. Safety boards, signals, alarms, traffic and pedestrian signs should be installed in the workplace. These instruments are inspected frequently and documented to enhance the safe working environment.3.3) RISK paygrade AND MANAGEMENTIt is impossible to completely eliminate all the risk in an oil industry. But, it could be reduced or p revented originally occurring through an in force(p) safety risk management system.Safety management system (SMS) is the pivotal part in an oil and gas industry. Safety risk management techniques consists of lay on the line identification, Risk assessment, Risk mitigation and tracking.i) HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONHazard Identification is the initial step carried out in Safety Management System (SMS). This method is used to identify the hazards that the organization faces in its working environment. Hazard could be a fire explosion, blow out, chemical hazard, ill-health, transportation, environmental hazard, etc.The safety management system should undergo a dilate analysis of all operations. Then documents should be prepared based on what could go wrong in an operation. The hazard is a potential or existing dangerous condition that could result in an accident or incident.In a safety management system, all hazards in operations are identified and documented to analyse and implement t he necessary techniques required to eliminate or reduce the risk associated with the hazard.ii) RISK ASSESSMENTRisk assessment is the technique of analysing the identified hazards to know the consequence of each hazard. The risk assessment considers both the severity of each hazards and the probability of its occurrence.The risk assessment may show that certain hazards have acceptable level of consequence, plot other risks need definite mitigation. Proper risk assessment in an oil industry can reduce the number of accidents and can intimately prevent them before occurrence.iii) RISK MITIGATION AND TRACKING If the root provoke of hazard is identified, then the graceful mitigation process can be made. The risk mitigation can reduce or eliminate the hazards likelihood of occurrence or it can manage the risk by bring down the severity of its effects. The systematic and logical approach should be in place to counteract any risk for maintaining safe operation. The whole mitigation pr ocess should be monitored and tracked to conform that all control objectives are working properly. Bayuk CauseConsequenceshallow gaswell kick qualifying CirculationGas cut mudInflux of Hydro- carbonBlow outInjury to personnelDamage to safety critical systemenvironmental damageH2S releaseHydrocarbon flow from pressurised formationPrevention/ Control Barriers moderateness BarriersEvent / HazardFig2 Risk diagram shows the causes and consequences of inflow of hydrocarbon during drilling. Brian 2012 To mitigate the hazards during drilling and to control the well, the operator should identify the exact causes and should act appropriately if influx occurs.3.4) PLANNINGHSE plans of a small to medium size oil company are prepared in the way to enhance and guarantee the safe working conditions and healthy working environment. Some efficacious HSE plans includes,1) HSE policies, procedures, strategies and objectives, target and responsibilities.2) Cost Estimation for implementing HSE prac tices.3) Leadership and commitment, regular inspection, supervision and risk management.4) Hazard identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation and tracking.5) HSE policies, plans implementation, monitoring and documentation.6) Reporting and record accidents and near misses.7) Availability of safety equipments like Fire prevention and trash devices, first aid medical facilities.8) Environment pollution control, sanitation, waste management and reducing the usage of natural resources.9) Employees selection, proper communication and training, work inspection, monitoring.10) special training for emergency response for both employees and control room operators.11) Identifying employees fitness both physically and mentally for their tasks and making regular health civilize up and collecting feedback.Priority in HSE PracticesMost telling get rid ofEliminate the hazardUse process or method with low risk impactSUBSTITUTESegregate the hazardous productsISOLATE / checkEngineered Safe guardsPrevention Design to prevent an unwanted eventRecovery Design to mitigate harmful consequencesENGINEERORGANISATIONPROCEDUREOperating Procedures, overwork instruction, Permits, Maintenance, Emergency ResponseTraining, competency, communicationPPEPersonal Productive Equipment to wear in working environment.Least goodFig3 shows the priority in HSE operations which are carried out in oil industry. Petroleum victimisation Oman 2011 3.5) IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORINGEffective implementation of HSE plans will lead to the safe and successful business and give high secure conditions to the employees. The effective and consecrate team of supervisors, safety manager should be active every time to ensure that all HSE policies are followed without violations.The PDSA, PDCA roulette wheel and gap analysis are necessary to compare the existing HSE standards with the large scale oil industrys standards. This will achieve quality in HSE performance (QHSE).Proper monitoring should be carr ied out to avoid the ignorance and violations of the HSE rules to made the job done.PDSA cyclehttp//www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Img/209291/0061564.gifFig4 Shows the PDSA cycle. THE SCOTTISH organization HEALTH DELIVERY DIRECTORATE 2008PDCA cycleISO PDCA CycleFig5 Shows the PDCA cycle. OSAKA CITY WATERWORKS BUREAUThe workers should give place statement about the accidents and near-misses to implement necessary practices to prevent such incidents in future. Implementation of regular survey of the following aspects are very necessary,1) Health and Safety Protection equipments, Shift phase, to workers Physical and Mental health, work hours and tranquillity patterns, Alertness, Emergency response, work adaptation and satisfaction.2) Safety in Operations Drilling, sanitary completion, Installation, Production, Processing, Aircraft operation and control, Transportation.3) Environmental Hygiene Pollution due to accidents, rock oil spill, corrosion in pipelines, Offshore marine hea lth issues, reduced natural resource usage, waste management, sanitation, Promotion of re unexampledable energy, hazardous product management, reduction of venomous gas emission.Mearns et al. 19973.6) AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT REVIEWi) Auditing is the major process carried out in the business to determine whether or not the HSE management processes are implemented and functioning effectively.ii) Auditing determines the compliance of companys HSE policies with relevant legislative requirementsiii) It identifies the areas which need improvements to develop a powerful HSE management.iv) The specific areas that should be audited regularly are, a) Organisation, resources and documentation, b) Safety management system, c) Plans, policies and procedures, d) Implementation and monitoring.v) Audits may involve following methods, a) use of questionnaires, b) direct measurement and observations, c) Interviews and d) checklists.vi) Auditing process should compare the results of previous audits and are recorded properly.vii) The senior level management should review their HSE policies and management approach to maintain the continuity of suitability and effectiveness of the safety management system.SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE and environmental QUALITY COMMITTEES 1994.4) BENEFITS OF HSEUndoubtedly, HSE is the primary goal of an oil company. Some of the benefits of HSE in a small to medium size oil company are express below,1) It will develop the business by new business tie-ups and new investments.2) Logical priority to safety lead to the mitigation and prevention of risks before it occurs.3) Hazard reporting ensures the effective scheduling and maintenance of the resources for the safety actions.4) Effective safety management system avoids the cost for accident investigation and it leads to an unvarying operation.5) It enhances the productivity through continuous operation.6) Effective HSE management system and proper communication between management and rest of the organisation will lead to the prevention of accident from ever occurring.7) In terms of cost Effective HSE practices will reduce the cost of accidents like repair costs, fines, damage cl designs, indemnification claims by injured workers, Potential economic effects due to air mishap.This will lead to the business enlargement and enhances productivity and turn over. Therefore, the ultimate aim of a business is to achieve targeted profit. In oil business, the profit can be achieved only due to an efficient HSE system.Bayuk5) ILLUSTRATIONThe bagpiper alpha accident in 1988 and Texas city refinery accident in 2005 are the catastrophic accidents which ruined many lives and polluted the environment. These accidents caused the loss of oil outturn and insurance payout and fine of several billions of USD.The small to medium sized oil companies should study these types of accidents and remedial actions. The large sized could survive the double-dyed(a) loss of money due to accident. Bu t, the small to medium sized oil company couldnt overcome such losses due to catastrophe.6) CONCLUSIONA small to medium size oil industry has key business plans towards the future. Their aim is to give the best safe performance in every surgical incision like drilling, completion, production, refining, transportation. Every small or medium size oil company is very enthusiastic and eager to become as a large scale oil industry by enlarging their business. They want to embark in national and international business by increasing their one-year productivity and turn over.In order to achieve these, their HSE practices should be in high standard. Because, a single catastrophic accident may reduce credibility of the company and it will reflect as a severe loss in business. So, in a medium or small sized oil company, workplace safety should be at the new wave of its activities.7) REFERENCE1) KATHARINE, R.P., 1993. Human Factors, Shift Work, And Alertness In The Offshore Oil Industry. Oxf ord, OX Health and Safety Executive.2) MEARNS, K. et al., 1997. Human And Organisational Factors In Offshore Safety. Norwich, NR Health and Safety Executive.3) SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE. and ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEES., 1994. Guidelines For The Development And Application Of Health, Safety And Environmental Management Systems. Oxford. online. Report No. 6.36/210, pp 2-26. getable from http//www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/210.pdf Accessed 31 October 2012 .4) BAYUK, A.J., System Safety And The Benefits Of Safety Management Systems. Unpublished. online. pp 3-6. operable from http//www.asse.org/precept/businessofsafety/docs/AJBayukPaper.pdf Accessed 17 November 2012 .5) BRIAN, G., 2012. Closed-loop Circulating System Enhances Well Control. Offshore Magazine, 2012. online. useable from http//www.offshore-mag.com/articles/ scratch/volume-72/issue-4/drilling-and-completion/closed-loop-circulating-system-enhances-well-control.html Accessed 8 November 2012 .6) PAAL, K., 2011. Sc hlumberger HSE Policy Statement. online. Schlumberger. visible(prenominal) from http//www.slb.com/hse/hse_policy.aspx Accessed 8 November 2012 .7) SHIGEO, H., 2012. Health, Safety and Environmental Policy Of JX Nippon Oil Gas Exploration Corporation. JX Nippon Oil Gas Exploration Corporation. online. Available from http//www.nex.jx-group.co.jp/english/environment/hse.html Accessed 8 November 2012 .8) PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT OMAN, 2011. HSE Management System- Making Goal Zero Happen. Petroleum Development Oman. online. pp 2,13. Available from http//www.pdo.co.om/hseforcontractors/blocks/documentation/docs/HSE_Management_Pocket%20Book_Final.pdf Accessed 22 November 2012 .9) OSAKA CITY WATERWORKS BUREAU, About ISO Management Systems. Osaka City Waterworks Bureau. online. Available from http//www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu030/english/quality/check/iso2.html Accessed 27 November 2012 10) THE SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT HEALTH DELIVERY DIRECTORATE, 2008. The Model For Improvement. The Scott ish Government Health spoken communication Directorate. online. Available from http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/01/14161901/3 Accessed 27 November 2012 .8) BIBLIOGRAPHY1) API, 2011. Environment, Health Safety. American Petroleum Institute. online. Available from http//www.api.org/environment-health-and-safety/health-safety.aspx Accessed 8 November 2012 2) HSE, 2012. Current Priorities. Health and Safety Executive. online. Available from http//www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/priorities.htm Accessed 28 November 2012 3) PETER, W., ed., 2005. Health and safety risk management. revised ed. Leicestershire IOSH.

Examining The Ethics Of Undercover Reporting Media Essay

Examining The Ethics Of hugger-mugger Reporting Media Es opineIn a day in which we ar s unfinished thousands of man hours uncoering deception, we simply cannot deceive. How can newswritten document fight for m unitaryy plant and integrity when they themselves be less than honest in getting a account?Benjamin Bradlee, attainer exe issueive editor of the Washington Post. cultivation month, two high profile globe figures in Britain were the subject of shroud burn up trading operations which moderate cause widespread find outtroversy and debate. This essay bequeath analyse the effections of the diarist or newspaper editor in distributively suit of clothes, from both a deontological and consequentialist standpoint, which will serve to illustrate the ethical complexities b effectuate the whole concept of undercover reporting.Duchess of York plots to sell access to Prince Andrew, Mazher Mahmood, password of the military man, 23 May 2010On 23rd May 2010, the password of th e World inform that the Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, had been duped into accepting a $40,000 (27,000) cash down-payment from an undercover reporter posing as a sheik. The paper Investigations Editor Mazher Mahmood had offered the Duchess a total of 500,000 to be introduced to Fergusons ex-wife Prince Andrew, who is a British trade envoy. The group meeting where the deposit was handed over to Ferguson and details of the bounty were discussed was captured on tape, and this video was posted on the intelligence agency of the World website alongside the phrase.The News of the World may claim they throw done Britain a good service in exposing Fergusons illicit strain deals, but in reality, they have not testifyed all(a) proof that she had been kind in bribery and corruption before the News of the World entered the wear and staged this elaborate sting operation. They claim that they have proof that she had already cashed in by introducing two international tycoons to Pr ince Andrew, which resulted in remunerative business deals for which she gained a commission. Would it not have been enough to report on this evidence which had been provided by their c escape royal associate who blew the whistle on her? They say they have procured all the details of her transactions with these tycoons, and information round the new company Ferguson dance band up last month to apportion her illicit business, but have not presented any of these details in the article, or in any of the myriad of articles published just about the Ferguson subject since the videos were posted on the website. Yes, the News of the World did indeed ex coiffure that Sarah Ferguson was wedded to a corrupt deal with an international business man. But who is to say that she would not have been involved in any illicit transaction had the News of the World not set her up in this office?In April, other of Mahmoods undercover sting operations brought a wrong end to the c beer of snooker champion John Higgins when Mahmood filmed him in a hotel room in the Ukraine agreeing to fix a lose in an upcoming snooker match in exchange for 300,000. He had been set up by a group of undercover reporters posing as businessmen. Higgins has since claimed that he had been intimidated into the deal against his will, but has been suspended from snooker pending an probe, perhaps indefinitely. Mahmood claims that the decision to set Higgins up was establish on a tip-off from a sports insider that Higgins was engaging in match-fixing. However, no details or evidence was presented in the article to back up the claims. This is just another recent example of the kind of undercover reporting that Mahmood is engaging in for the News of the World, where a sensationalist scoop, usually involving a celebrity or public figure, is caught on camera, causes a brief media frenzy, but is quickly disregarded when the next sting operation hits the headlines.Mahmood, who has been posing as the fake S heikh for undercover scoops since 1984, claims to have exposed criminal activities in his sting operations which have led to at least 250 criminal convictions. His disguise has duped paedophiles, con men and drug pushers the exposition of whom could be deemed as beingness in the public interest as well as philandering government ministers and celebrities with volunteer(a) drug habits, whose stories may be of salacious interest to the public, but be almost certainly not in the public interest. The motivations behind the News of the Worlds obsession with undercover scoops argon simple deceit can lots be the quickest and easiest modality to get a story the diary keeper has control over the scenario that will heretoforetually end up in the paper, so essentially they can create the headline before the ensuant has plain taken place and secret footage (audio put downs, video, and grainy or absurd photographs) sensationalise the story hitherto further and make for great multim edia satiate for the web.The man suppose to bring sound judgment to the FA, Ian Gallagher, Mail on sunlight, 16 May 2010In another undercover expos last month, the president of the Football Association in England, master Triesman, was secretly taped claiming that Spain and Russia were plotting to bribe referees in the upcoming World Cup in South Africa. The interpreting was made by Triesmans former aide Melissa Jacobs during a luncheon meeting. Jacobs proceeded, with the economic aid of celebrity publicist Mark Clifford, to sell the tapes to the Mail on sunshine for a reported 75,000, who ran the story on the front rascal on 16th May. tour it moldiness be noted that the psyche who made the recording was not a journalist, but an associate of Triesmans, equal principles around the morality of clandestine recording and undercover investigation techniques are at issue here (leaving aside the ethics of chequebook journalism).However, at that place is one crucial difference b etween this article and the undercover sting operation articles written by Mahmood mentioned above, in that the scenario was not staged in advance by the newspaper. It appears to me, from the details presented in the article, that Jacobs attended the lunch meeting with the intention of getting taped evidence of their affair to sell to the newspaper, and the talk about the World Cup bribes arose unknown in advance to her. While she prompted him during the exchange for to a greater extent information, she did not incite the topic of converse, nor did she steer the conversation in any bad-tempered direction. This is demonstrated in the following replica from the tape, which is quoted in the article churchman Triesman Spain are tone for help from the Russians to help bribe the referees in the World Cup, their votes may then switch to Russia.At this point, Miss Jacobs asks Would Russia help them with that? nobleman Triesman Oh, I think Russia will cut deals.Miss Jacobs Why will Rus sia help? Are Russia in the World Cup? Lord Triesman No theyre not. Miss Jacobs Oh no theyre not, theyve got nothing to lose?Lord Triesman Absolutely nothing at all to lose. Exactly.Since the article was published, Lord Triesman has resigned as chairman of the FA, but stated that he had been a dupe of entrapment and his comments about the conspiracy were never intended to be taken seriously. Fifas ethics team is investigating the allegations, and if it is proven that they were based in truth, the Mail on Sundays decision to print the story will be vindicated (though this is looking increasingly un liable(predicate)). The article was met with widespread derision in Britain, most likely because the scandal seriously jeopardised Englands chances of securing their bid to host the 2018 World Cup. But the reasons prone by most critics were that the methods used by the Mail on Sunday to obtain information for the article were dirty and unethical.Consequentialist analytic thinkingAccordin g to the consequentialists, the ends must justify the means in sanctify for an action to be considered chastely acceptable. The morally correct action is that which brings about the highest possible total tally of utility(Wolff, p.49). It could be argued that in attempting to expose Sarah Fergusons corrupt activities, the News of the World were playing in the public interest, ridding the world of a corrupt act and frankincense bringing the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. If readers rightfully supposed that the journalist was acting to encumber the happening of mischief, pain, evil or lugubriousness to the party whose interest is considered, which according to Bentham, (The principle of Utility, quoted in Singer, p.307) should be the principal(prenominal) premise for any course of action, it could be argued that he was right to fancy dress as a Sheikh in order to expose Fergusons illicit business deals. Similarly, if the main motivation of the Mail on Sunday was to prevent corruption and match fixing during the World Cup, then the newspaper acted in the right way according to consequentialists. However, as I have explained, it is super dubious that these were the main motivations of the News of the World or the Mail on Sunday, as I would argue that they were more interested in printing sensational stories that would grab public attention and sell more papers than the ultimate end.While the strongest argument against untruths has been forward by Kant and the deontologists (see below), utilitarians were also powerfully against falsehood and deceit, because of the harm done by misleading particular individuals, and the style of false statements to diminish the mutual confidence that men ought to have in all(prenominal) others assertions (Sidgwick, Issues for Utilitarians, in Singer, p.316).There is another ethical issue embossed by the Sarah Ferguson expos article that would be of interest to a consequentialist, and th at is the use of unidentified sources. Tabloids like the News of the World are well known for give large sums of money to well-connected sources, and the information fed to them by their boney royal associate may well be legitimate. It is widely recognised amongst journalists and editors alike that it is worth retaining the identity of a source in order to get a story that is in the public interest, and I be fabricationve that this is also agreeable from a consequentialist standpoint. However, who is to say that this information, supposedly provided by a source close to Ferguson, was not entirely fabricated? As I have argued in a previous ethical enquiry, journalists should strive to assign their information as much as possible in order to increase assurance between reporter and reader. The reliance upon unnamed sources in articles like this leaves many questions in a readers mind, and if anonymous attribution was to be universalised, readers trust in journalism would be greatl y diminishedDeontological analysisThe concept of truth is central to Kants Categorical Imperative. Truth telling is more than just a good thing, as telling the truth creates trust, and trust is a social necessity. Communication between human beings in any society depends very much on the assumption that what we tell each other is true. Deception itself is an impossibility without this assumption, as a person cannot be deceived unless they are prone to believing what they are told. Kant steadfastly believed that any untruth, even if seemingly harmless in intent (or even uttered in protection of oneself or another) is harmful to society, as untruths diminish mans capacity to trust. A lie always harms another if not some other particular man, still it harms mankind generally, for it vitiates the source of law itself (Kant, On a supposed right to lie from selfless motives, in Singer, p.281). Mahmood engaged in alive(p) deception in order to get his Sarah Ferguson story. Everything abo ut the set up was a blatant lie his name, his profession, his intention, his promise to pay her 500,000 he even lied to her outright by denying there were secret cameras filming her when she asked in jest if it was a set up.Lies deliberately intend to deceive, where the aim is invariably to take advantage of another persons trust. According to Kant, what the honest but reserved man says is true, but not the whole truth. What the dishonest man says is something he knows to be false. Such an assertion is called in the theory of virtue, a lie it is a serious violation of a duty to oneself it subverts the dignity of piece in our own person, and attacks the roots of our thinking. (Kant, Letter to Maria von Herbert, Spring 1792, in Singer, p.283). Jacobs engaged in a form of passive deception in order to gather the taped material. She did not dynamicly lie to Lord Triesman, but deceived him by hiding her intentions, and the fact that she was taping their conversation without his kno wledge. Similarly, when journalists pose as members of the public in order to get a story, they are also being passively deceptive, as they are misrepresenting their true intention. However, this form of undercover reporting is widely accepted by editors the world over, even those that would vehemently oppose actively lying or setting somebody up in order to get a story.According to deontologists, the solution of the action should not be a factor in deciding what is right or wrong in any given situation. behaviour has a moral weight all of its own, which the moral law at heart can determine (Kant, The noble descent of duty, in Singer, p.41). Central to the deontological initiate is the concept of duty. From a deontological perspective, journalists have a duty to their readers, an obligation to present the truth to the public, regardless of the consequences that the revelation of this truth may produce. In the pillowcase of the Sarah Ferguson article, the News of the World publi shed the article with no heed to the consequences to the news report of the Royal family, and similarly, the Mail on Sunday published the article about Triesmans knowledge of match fixing with little regard to the reputation of Triesman himself or the chances of England securing their bid to host the World Cup in 2018. According to Kant, reality is a duty which must be regarded as the ground of all duties based on contract, and the laws of these duties would be rendered uncertain and useless if even the least exception to them were admitted. (Kant, On a supposed right to lie from altruistic motives, in Singer, p.281). If the News of the World and the Mail on Sunday truly believed that they were bringing the truth to the public in exposing Sarah Fergusons corrupt business deals, and Lord Triesmans knowledge of game-fixing, then their intentions were correct according to deontologists. However, in reality, selling papers overrides most tabloids altruistic motives, and it could be s trongly argued that both are more concerned with entrapping public figures in order to sell papers, and thus they are not acting in accordance with the categorical imperative.Objective reporting, one of the most central tenets of good journalism practice, rests on the premise that the journalist remains a passive observer of the material about which they write, and that they record reality the way it is rather than attempting to shape that reality themselves in order to create a story. Most, if not all, ethical guidelines for journalists state that an undercover journalist should be a witness to the action, not an instigator or an active participator, nor should they do anything to prompt an action that would not have occurred should they not have been there. Above all, the journalist should never incite people to commit a crime. However, News of the World exposs, many conducted by Mahmood in disguise, have increase ethical questions over the entrapment of celebrities by journalist s working at the paper. Critics have claimed that such undercover operations are an invasion of privacy, and that public figures are being lured under false pretences into doing and saying things that they would not have, had they not been prompted or boost by the undercover journalist. His elaborate scenarios are staged to entrap the subject, who is manipulated, often into committing a criminal act (Mahmood often stages drug purchases last November he set up a cocaine deal with Ted Terry, father of face footballer John Terry, also for a News of the World exclusive). one and only(a) of the main considerations a news organic law must take into cipher when deciding if deceptive undercover reporting is warranted is if this is a legitimate and suited news story, i.e. is the story in the public interest, or is the news organisation merely pandering to its audiences desire for a salacious story? Many editors, and television set producers especially, act under the premise that dece ption may be warranted when the story is of such importance that it absolutely must be told, and deception or undercover reporting is the only way to prove what is going on. The article about Lord Triesman combined his claims about match-fixing with an expos of his illicit romance with Jacobs in 2008. Details of text messages sent between the two, and accounts of their secret dates were recounted. This aspect of the article is a blatant invasion of Triesmans privacy, and is most certainly not in the public interest. It would also be against Kants Practical Imperative, which states that we should act so that you dainty humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. (Kant, The Categorical Imperative, in Singer, p.279). Individuals are ends in themselves, and they may not be sacrificed or used for achieving of other ends without their consent. (Robert Nozick, The Rationality of Side Constraints, in Singer, p.261). By publishing the delicious details of their affair alongside the quotes from Triesman about the match-fixing, the Mail on Sunday were using Lord Triesman as a means to an end, and also doing themselves a disservice by highlighting the sleazy element of undercover reporting. other fundamental question that journalists and editors must ask themselves is whether deception is the best way to uncover the story? In the case of Sarah Ferguson, I believe that based on other knowledge and evidence that they claim to have in their possession, the News of the World could have built the case against her without staging a fake bribe. However, in the case of the Lord Triesman article, there would have been no other way to find out his thoughts on match-fixing. Unless he was attempting to chance on her in some way with empty rhetoric, there must be some foundation behind Triesmans claims that Spain and Russia were engaging in bribery, which is in bend dexter worthy of serious investigation and a matter of p ublic interest, which has been strengthened by Fifas decision to carry out a full investigation of the matter.ConclusionIt can thus be concluded that neither the News of the World article nor the Mail on Sunday article were handled in a manner that would have been acceptable from a consequentialist or a deontological viewpoint. Though I believe the subject matter of each (Sarah Fergusons desire towards using her royal connections for corrupt means, and Lord Triesmans claims of match-fixing) were indeed in the public interest, the deceptive means by which the end was achieved in each case were morally deplorable, and neither end justified the means. According to Kants Categorical Imperative, we should act only according to the maxim by which you can at the homogeneous time will that it should become a universal law. (Kant, The Categorical Imperative, in Singer, p.274). The principle of universalisability is at the core of deontological theory. If active deception was to be univers alised, trust, a central tenet upon which society rests, would crumble. Honesty is the moral virtue at the centre of any society, and it should be promoted by all as all stand to gain from it, as trust rests on truth, and trust is a social necessity. Impersonation and subterfuge irrevocably undermines the implicit trust that is so essential between journalists and their sources and interviewees. Undercover reporting disseminates a widespread misgiving of journalists amongst the public, which is detrimental to the whole practice of journalism, which relies so heavily upon information original in confidence from that public.