ROBERT FULTON Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This machine otherwise known as Fulton’s driving boat or Nautilus was practically designed in response to requests of Napoleon Emperor. This machine was substantially used by the British Navy in protecting the country’s water territories. The works of Robert Fulton did not just end at the creation of the unique submarine vessel; he went ahead to design the steam boat capable of travelling at the speed of 7.5km/hr estimated after covering 240 kilometers within 32 hours (Herweck, Kopecky and Weir 12). An interesting fact about Fulton’s steam boat was its creation based on Newton’s laws of motion. This steam boat was named Clermont and was first sailed along River Hudson upstream from New York to Albany. In order to move the boat, Fulton knew that there must be a force that could trigger movement and thus the construction of the steam engine. To make use of friction force, Fulton designed special paddle wheels that turned due to the compulsive force produced by the steam engine to move the boat. In congruence with Newton’s third law of motion, which states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction, Fulton ensured that the steam boat moved at the same rate relative to the en ergy released from the steam engine (Herweck, Kopecky and Weir 12). We will write a custom essay sample on ROBERT FULTON or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The steam engine for Fulton’s steam boat was built on 24 horsepower Boulton and Watt engine. The engine also had a segregated condenser and moved due to the difference in pressure between steam and torrential vacuum. The Boulton and Watt assisted by ensuring development of a centrifugal regulator, which monitored the speed of the engine by simply regulating amount of steam ejected into the system (Rada). To compliment on the constituents of Fulton’s steam engine, Boyd adds that Fulton’s steam engine had a cylinder filled with steam that acted on each side of the piston (301). It also had an air pump. Furthermore, the system had connecting rods and cranks that ensured rotary motion and a flywheel. Rebman, Lange and Sandmann reckon that Fulton’s steam boat had a chimney through which thick black smoke oozed out into the atmosphere (5). This innovation was very instrumental as the vessel gained popularity in the American transport sector. The Clermont steam boat assisted in the transportation of raw materials and finished goods by industrial manufacturers during industrial revolution. The speed of Clermont steam boat enhanced connection between America and other continents thus opening up American continent for exploitation, settlement and exploration.

Music Copyright An Individual Or Group Of Musical Creators

Music copyright is the right to exclusively reproduce original music or works of an individual or group of musical creators. This right is granted by the Australian Law. This gives the writer a legal control of his or her original work, meaning, the subject can dictate how it should be used and distributed. The music author therefore has the right to take legal action upon anyone who uses the work without permission. (Christie 2012 np) Copyright infringement on the other hand is violation of this patent’s right. This right is mainly invaded in two ways, unauthorised download from, an unlicensed source or, unpermitted distribution of the music to other parties. The latter faces heftier penalties because in the eyes of the law, it is akin to stealing. (Larsson et.al 2014 p. 17) A music publisher is an individual or group that works with songwriters and composers to maximise royalties and take a percentage of money accrued in exchange for services rendered. This is convenient because, a creative may be too busy or may lack the administration know-how to keep a check on how his or her compositions are used by others. (Panda et.al p.155) It is a win-win business strategy to work with a publisher because they have a strong commercial incentive to do the best job. In Australia, music publishers are represented by the Australian Music Publishers Association. The role of a publisher can be summarised as follows:- Administrative and collection purposes: this entails, collectingShow MoreRelatedThe Development Ofu.s Copyright Law1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Development of U.S Copyright Law Simon Cho The history of U.S copyright law came from England. As a matter of fact, copyright was not intended to reward creators but to prevent sedition. 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HoweverRead More An Examination of File-sharing on the Internet Essay4579 Words   |  19 PagesFile-sharing on the Internet â€Å"Napster and its founder held the promise of everything the new medium of the Internet encompassed: youth, radical change and the free exchange of information. But youthful exuberance would soon give way to reality as the music industry placed a bulls-eye squarely on Napster.† I. Introduction Today the use of a computer has provided many privileges to its users, and among those privileges the main and largest one is the distribution of information acrossRead MoreE Commerce : A Great Tool For Promoting Business1497 Words   |  6 Pagesto a large risks without protecting of its rights. Consequently, the law created to protect the rights such as copyright and/or patents, database laws, trademarks, industrial design law, and trade secret law to protect different types of intellectual property (IP) rights. 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Piracy is a term used to describe the illegal or unauthorised use of intellectual property that belongs to an individual or a group. Intellectual property is the result of creativity that takes place in many forms; such as musical compositions, recordings, motion pictures and television productions, just to name a few [Source 1]. Piracy is the violation of the rights that owners have over their created products. A largeRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On The Rights Of Copyright3387 Words   |  14 PagesTransformative Use Exception Would Mitigate the Effects of an Excessive Copyright Term 7 V. A Transformative Use Exception Would Not Harm The Legitimate Interests of Copyright Holders 8 VI. Transformative Use Should Be Covered Under Fair Use Rather Than a Stand-Alone Exception 9 VII. Conclusion 10 â€Æ' I. Introduction In light of the AUSFTA, Australia has significantly amended its copyright legislation to be more in line with American copyright law. However, Australia has yet to adopt American-style fair useRead MoreCopyright Laws Over Creative Works2431 Words   |  10 Pages Copyright is a federally protected part of intellectual property that automatically regulates creative works of authors. Copyright laws began approximately around the 15th century in Europe. The cause for such regulations stems from infringement of creative works. These works fall into one of three main categories; music, visual works, and literary works. Copyright infringement highlights the need for copyright laws over creative works in music, art and writing, resulting in an ever changingRead MoreMusic and Copyright Essay3068 Words   |  13 PagesMusic has a powerful influence on society, like mass media and television. In our society today, music has the ability to define our culture. Many people around the world listen to music while driving, at work, doing housework, or even studying. 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Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms? Answer: Introducation The present case is based on terms of the contract. Contracts an agreement that is enforced by law. Therefore, it can be said that every contract is agreement, but not every agreement is contract[1]. In every contractual agreement, there are certain terms that present to determine the rights and obligation of the parties. There are certain essentials stated under the contract law to determine the validity of contracts. The most important elements of the contract are offer and acceptance. Offer consists of promises to do something or refrains to do something and when someone agrees to do certain offer, it becomes acceptance. The rule had been followed in the case of Carlill v Carbolic smoke ball co. An agreement to contract can either be oral or written. It is a statutory provision of the contract law that every contractual agreement contains express terms and implied terms. Express terms are those that articulated prior to the contract and those that are not mentioned under the contr act agreement, called as implied terms. However, in the present case, the terms are not form contract. There is a provision under the law named puffery. It is used regarding the promotional statement. The present terms is used to promote the characteristics of the chair and therefore, it is not a contractual terms. In the second question, it has been observed that Peter who wanted to buy a chair for lowering his back pain went to a shop and Samantha told that she has a perfect chair for him. Therefore, it can be said that the subject matter of the case is a chair that can be perfect for Peter. Samantha had suggested for Office Pro 9X chair and believed on the fact Peter had bought the same. Thus, it can be stated that the statements of Samantha regarded as the collateral contract[2]. Collateral contracts are oral in nature and the statements are based on the promises. The principle of the same has been followed in the case of the Savage (JJ) Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Therefore, it can be stated that the statements made by Samantha for the sale of the chair is a part of the contract terms. In this present case, classes of terms are involved. There are three classes of terms that present under the each part of the contract. The terms are conditions, warranties and in nominate terms[3]. It is clear from the definition that when the seller gives an assurance to the buyer regarding the product and state that the product is genuine in nature and based on the fact when the buyer buy the product, it forms warranty. In the present case, Samantha told Peter that the chair Pro 9X will be sufficient for him and it will help to reduce the back pain. Therefore, the terms of the statement contained in the case are warranty in nature. Based on the statement of Samantha, Peter has bought the chair. It is not necessary that the terms should have to be mentioned expressly under the contractual agreement. It can be implied in nature. The subject matter of the case is based on the terms of exclusion clause. The term exclusion clause mean certain contractual terms that restrict the parties right regarding the contract[4]. In the common law, the base of the exclusion clause forms a part of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. It is a rule under the contract Act that if there is a statement mentioned under the contractual terms and both the parties have given their consent over the same, the terms of the contract becomes applicable on them[5]. However, under the exclusion clause it has been stated that if any of the party to a contract is unknown to the terms of the contract, that terms will not be apply on the party. The same principle has been followed in Parker v South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416. In this present case, it can be observed that there is a clause (clause 10) has been mentioned in the document that excludes the company from any kind of breach regarding the warranty[6]. It should be stated here that as Peter did not know about the fact, therefore, the conditions of the terms will not applicable on him and he can sue the shop for the breach of contract. References Andrews, Neil.Contract law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686. Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. Carter, John W., David J. Harland, and Kevin E. Lindgren.Contract law in Australia. MICHIE, 1996. Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016. McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014 [1] Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. [2] Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. [3] McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. [4] Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. [5] Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686 [6] Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016.

Personal Impact Paper free essay sample

Once started the symptoms are chronic and lifelong with periods of remission in between bouts of active symptoms. Diagnosing CD may be lengthy, requiring non – invasive as well as invasive tests. A check of the stool could indicate bleeding, a blood test might indicate anemia or the antibody associated with Crohn’s. Abdominal x ray could indicate intestinal wall thickening. Physicians may need to do colonoscopy, biopsy to diagnose the disease ( Harvard Heath). CD is classified as an inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) (Neighbors Tannehill -jones, 2006). CD can be a debilitating disease and can affect all aspects of person’s life intensely as seen in the case of SM. Using a case study of an individual with Crohn’s disease, I will address how the CD impact on patient’s social, financial, and personal life, how patient learned about her disease and educational experience while learning about her chronic disease. I want to use the initial instead of full name to protect the patient’s privacy. SM , a 40 year old teacher with two younger children from Michigan admitted to our hospital with dehydration and anemia. She has been bloody diarrhea for six months and initial diagnosed with colitis by her primary care physician who gave her antibiotics and steroid which help her symptoms improving. Two day ago her diarrhea became very severe and reached as often as 15 to 17 times a day, accompanied by severe pain and abdominal cramping, loss of appetite, and sense of abdominal fullness. This has made it increasingly difficult for her to leave her home or go to work. â€Å" I feel like I am a prisoner of my own bathroom . SM has become moody and depressed. She has lost 40 pounds, developed blurred vision, and is growing facial hair. Her skin started to peel and split. She is bloated and her face is swollen. Her husband has filed a divorce because she could not take care of children , family ,plus financial crisis, and she is scared because she is covered under her husband’s medical insurance. Impact of Cronh’s disease can be extensive on an individual’s social, financial, and per sonal as seen in MS case. She could not work and only get 60% of her salary , plus medical expense, unable to take care her family, and her two young children so cause her husband filed divorce. Furthermore, she is isolated from her co-worker and friend since she is too weak to participate any social activity. All above caused her depression. According (Coheb. J. D, 1995) â€Å" long term stress and repeated crisis provide fertile ground for individual maladaptive functioning as well as creating vulnerability for dysfunctional family behavior. When psychosocial dilemmas persist over time and are left unattended, various form of dysfunction emerge† (p . 18). So psychologist was consulted for MS to help coping with her diagnosis, her debilitating symptoms ,and her husband filing for divorce. Depression can be situational and may aid in allowing MS to voice her feelings, and decrease her anxiety. The psychologist provided her more information about her disease, help her cope with her daily struggles, and gave her encouragement as another support system. The psychologist has tried to enlighten her husband regarding MS’s disease process and her stress could worsen its symptoms. Counseling the couple could reduce marital strife and perhaps assist MS and her husband to find mutual ground and save their marriage. The doctor explained to MS in brief about her diagnosis and treatment options which include drug therapy, nutrition supplement, herbs, and surgery. The nurses according to MS and her husband literacy level and readability made the broche with pictures, DVD to educate them how to deal with the disease. Using Bloom’s taxonomy, cognitive domain to help the patient and family to have knowledge as following: 1. What is Chron’s disease, how do the medication work, what is the main side effects, how to take the medications, what are complications so the patient and her family can participate her medical care. 2. How to maintain optimal nutrition: parental nutrition (PN) is used when symptoms of irritable bowel disease are severe. If oral foods are tolerated small, frequent, low residue feeding are given to avoid over distending the stomach and stimulating peristalsis. It is important for the patient to restrict activity to conserve energy, reduce peristalsis and calorie requirements. 3. How to promote rest: it is important to encourage activity within the limits of the patient’s capacity. The nurse suggests bed rest for a patient who is febrile , has frequent diarrheal stools or is bleeding. 4. How to cope with the stress and anxiety: teaching the patient the art of stress relief without drugs can give the patient a sense of control over some symptoms. Such as biofeedback, routine exercise, relaxation exercises, breathing techniques, massage, etc. According to (Mirkka et al, 2008) â€Å" patients expect functional knowledge about self care and how it affects their health. In addition to understanding the disease and treatment, patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment at home. Patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment with work, hobbies and social life, patients also expect that their family should learn about their illness, home care, and how to participate in treatment. â€Å" ( p. 250) After finishing the above teaching, MS and her husband accepted the facts and disease, expressed all the feeling and concerns to the nurse. While allowing MS to explore her feeling toward he diagnosis, the nurse could encourage her to set short- term and long -term goals. How will MS cope with pain today? What methods for pain control would MS like to continue to explore in the days to come (Bloom’s Taxonomy affective domain)? Once the goals setting, MS and her husband work together to comply with treatment, follow medical advise. Financial strategies will place a huge toll on MS’s disposition. The nurse enlisting the help of social work can help her develop plans for future caring needs. Social work can assist her to apply for other health plans that will support her alone. If she has no other support systems in place, social work can assist her with home health nursing for her recovery period and financial assistance , if she needs to be off from work for an extended time. MS’s struggles are many, but to ensure her successful recovery we must utilize all the resources of our multidisciplinary colleagues, as well as our nursing knowledge. We must take into effect what the patient’s diagnosis, prognosis, and experiences are so we can give her the best chance of survival with her illness.

The Hangi Essays - Physics, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics

The Hangi How does the construction of the Hangi cook the food with it? Introduction: The Hangi is a traditional Maori method of cooking food. Food from a Hangi is cooked underground by red-hot volcanic rocks and steam, which condenses onto the food, therefore cooking it. To make a hangi , a pile of wood is lit under the ground, heating up the light and easy to heat volcanic rock red hot. In modern Hangi , wire baskets filled with food are put inside the ground along with the volcanic rocks and covered with a wet cloth and soil dug up from the ground. The very hot steam created underground with the food has no other way of escaping, so it condensed onto the food, transferring its heat onto it. After 3 hours, the food should be completely cooked. Paragraph 1: Construction of Modern and Traditional Hangi Before the Introduction of metals and wire, the Maori only had Hangi to cook their food. In traditional Hangi , the food is laid out onto bark, large leaves, clean sticks, large leaves and other sorts of vegetation. These methods carry a whole range of uses including keeping the food clean, reduce burning, and to keep direct contact with the super-heated rocks to an absolute minimum. Some tribes used a carved wooden bowl called " Kono " to cook food by placing their food inside, then putting hot rocks on a liquid base to heat up the liquid, therefore cooking the food inside of it. The traditional Hangi cooked a variety of food such as fish, birds, other land animals, and vegetable leaves such as Puha , Kokihi and Kohetake . This method of cooking food was not however mainly used for cooking food but also favoured by Tohunga (Expert Practitioners) for making medicines and remedies by heating up leaves, bark and other organic matter. The introductio n of cooking vessels such as pots and pans ended the daily use of Hangi to cook food. This is because Hangi take a lot of time, preparation and planning to go into it, while the use of a pot or pan can make that process much faster.In modern Hangi , the leaves that were used are likely to be substituted with aluminium foil and metal baskets made of wire. The baskets prepared with food wrapped with aluminium foil are carefully placed inside the stones, with cabbage leaves on the bottom of the basket to prevent the basket and aluminium foil from burning. The food is then covered on the top with a wet cloth, then sprayed with water to create extra steam for the Hangi to cook on. Then a mound of Earth is placed on top of the Hangi is a way which traps the steam and heat from escaping. The food is then cooked and ready to eat in 3 to 4 hours. The modern Hangi , in my opinion, is better that the traditional Hangi for a number of reasons. Firstly, the tr aditional Hangi uses material they find in the bush such as leaves, bark and sticks to put their food over. This might be a health hazard to the people that eat the food as dirt and other debris such as ash from burning objects like wood, or the dirt finding a way to get into and contaminate the food. Also, people might get burn in the making of the fire, especially in the very hot conditions inside and near the Hangi . A modern " Hangi Machine" is available for purchase and it is a much safer way to cook food. With this Hangi machine, you are able to cook kai very easily, with less preparation and danger. But I believe the Hangi Machine undermines the whole "traditional cuisine" part of the Hangi . Paragraph 2: Types of Heat Transfer and Open and Closed Systems Liquids and Gases expand when they are heated. This is because the particles in the liquids and gases vibrate faster and faster as they get hotter, causing them to move. They also lose energy when they are cooler, slowing the vibration of the particles down, which makes the particles slower than when the liquid and gases are

Using the Spanish Verb Deber

Using the Spanish Verb Deber The Spanish verb deber is quite common and can be used to express obligation or that something that is likely.   Key Takeaways: Using the Spanish Verb 'Deber' The everyday verb deber is most often used to express that someone has a debt or is obligated to do something.The phrase deber de can be used to indicate that something is highly probable.In the preterite, deber is used to indicate that something should have been done. Expressing Obligation When used in this way, deber is frequently similar in meaning to the English must, should, or ought: Debes estudiar tus lecciones. (You ought to study your lessons.) ¿Quà © carro debo comprar? (Which car should I buy?)Alguien deber hablar de todo esto. (Someone will have to talk about all this.)No debe dormirse despuà ©s de comer. (He shouldnt go to sleep after eating.) The tone of deber to express obligation can be softened by using the conditional form instead of the present tense, although the difference isnt always translatable. When telling someone what he or she should be doing, using the conditional can come across as more polite: No deberà ­as abrir un blog si vas a hablar de temas personales. (You shouldnt start a blog if youre going to talk about personal subjects.)La Fuerza Aerea deberà ­a comprar mejores aviones de combate. (The Air Force should buy better combat planes.)Hay 25 libros que deberà ­amos leer antes de cumplir los 30. (There are 25 books we should read before we reach our 30s.) Expressing a Debt When used with a noun direct object, deber can usually be translated as owe. No me debes nada. (You dont owe me anything.)El gobierno le debe ms de $3 millones a mi madre. (The government owes my mother more than $3 million.)Siempre te voy a deber el haberme levantado cuando tan abajo estaba. (I am always going to owe you for having lifted me up when I was so low.) Expressing Strong Probability The phrase debes de is used to refer to a strong likelihood. In such cases, it is often the equivalent of the English must when must isnt used to express obligation: No debiste de firmar nada. (You must not have signed anything.)Debo de ser anormal. (I must be abnormal.)Deben de estar en buena condicià ³n. (In all likelihood, they are in good condition.) It is very common in some areas, especially in speech, to drop the de in sentences such as those above. However, out of context, doing so would make the sentences ambiguous. Thus while ​debà ­as de verme can mean only you must have seen me, debà ­as verme can mean either you must have seen me or you ought to have seen me. In that case, you would need to know the context to understand what was meant. On occasion, in some regions, you may hear deber de to express obligation. However, this usage is frowned upon by grammarians and should not be imitated if you are learning the language. Using Deber in the Preterite In the preterite tense, the rough equivalent of the simple past tense in English, deber can be used to indicate that something should have been done. Son las palabras que no debiste decir. (They are the words you shouldnt have said.)Pedro debià ³ pedir disculpas a sus empleados tras la difusià ³n del video. (Pedro should have asked for forgiveness from his employees after the video was broadcast.)Debà ­ ver que esto iba a ocurrir. (I should have seen that this was going to happen.) Phrases Using Deber These are among the common phrases using deber: Deberse a (owing to, due to): El aumento de las enfermedades crà ³nicas se debe a nuestro estilo de vida. (The increase in chronic illness is due to our lifestyle.)Cumplir con su deber (to do or fulfill ones duty): Complà ­ con mi deber de votar. (I fulfilled my duty to vote.)No deberse a nadie (to be answerable to nobody): El presidente no se debe a nadie - salvo a todos los ciudadanos de todos y cada uno de los estados. (The president isnt answerable to anyone - except for all the citizens of each and every one of the states.)Sentido del deber (sense of duty): No puedes decir que me falta el sentido del deber. (You cant say I lack a sense of duty.)

Delinquent Juveniles Should Not Be Tried as Adults Essay

Delinquent Juveniles Should Not Be Tried as Adults - Essay Example Initiation of early intervention programs and counseling will effectively deter juvenile delinquency. Delinquent juveniles should not be tried as adults Introduction The criminal justice system experiences many problems that hinder it from reducing the crime rates in the US. Despite the efforts that have been made in policing, prosecution, and sentencing of the criminal acts, the criminal justice system has remained ineffective in deterring crimes. One of the major problems with the criminal justice system is trying and sentencing of criminal juvenile offenders as adults (Siegel & Worrall, 2012, p. 315). Juvenile offenders lack the mental and emotional capacity to form intent and understand the consequences of committing crimes. According to the legal definition, a delinquent juvenile is a child who commits criminal acts that are punishable by law. According to the sociological perspective, a delinquent juvenile is just a child with antisocial behaviors in the society. The criminal j ustice system should aim at rehabilitating the juvenile offenders and not punishing them. Judges, lawyers, and prosecutors obstruct the processes that must be followed in trying the juvenile offenders. Almost all States have amended the laws to make it easier to sentence the juvenile offenders as adults (Siegel & Worrall, 2012, p. 315). ... presentation of the juvenile offenders during the trial and constitutionality of the harsh punishments has made the criminal justice system ineffective in prosecuting the juveniles. Juveniles have been prosecuted for joint crimes with adults in crimes that may not have involved the use of violence or physical injury of the victim. According to the US laws, juveniles of 14 years lack the legal capacity to hold a driver’s license, to seek employment, or enter in to legally binding contracts on their own. Children are required to attend school and receive adequate protection of the government in protection of their rights. The above concept of the law has been ignored by the criminal justice system, since juvenile offenders lack the cognitive and mental capacity to reason and form intent while committing criminal acts like murder and assault (Albanese & Dammer, 2011 p. 265). Young teenagers experience varied emotions and behavior swings due to high vulnerability to pressure and s ocial stress and, therefore, lack the mental ability to resist the risk taking behaviors like drug abuse. Juvenile offenders experience low social status in the society than adults. In 1994 alone, 2.7 million juveniles were arrested by the police for engaging in numerous crimes including violent crimes, status offenses, and non-violent crimes. In the same year, over 12,000 delinquency cases were referred to adult criminal courts by a process known as certification. The waiver of jurisdiction allows the juveniles of the ages of 16 and 17 years to be tried as adults in the adult criminal courts (Smith & Cole, 2008, p. 398). According to a Supreme Court ruling in the case of Stanford V Kentucky (1989), juveniles as young as 16 years can receive death penalties for juvenile criminal acts. About